什么是比特币挖矿？
What's a bitcoin mining?
挖矿是消耗计算资源来处理交易，确保网络安全以及保持网络中每个人的信息同步的过程。它可以理解为是比特币的数据中心，区别在于其完全去中心化的设计，矿工在世界各国进行操作，没有人可以对网络具有控制权。这个过程因为同淘金类似而被称为「挖矿」，因为它也是一种用于发行新比特币的临时机制。然而，与淘金不同的是，比特币挖矿对那些确保安全支付网络运行的服务提供奖励。在最后一个比特币发行之后，挖矿仍然是必须的。
Mining is a process that consumes computing resources to deal with transactions, ensures network security and keeps everyone in the network synchronized information. It can be understood as a data centre in Bitcoin, which is completely decentralized, and where miners operate in countries around the world, and no one can control the network. This process is called "mining" because it is similar to gold mining, because it is also a temporary mechanism for issuing new bitcoins.
比特币的挖矿的原理是什么？
What's the rationale for bitcoin mining?
任何人均可以在专门的硬件上运行软件而成为比特币矿工。挖矿软件通过 P2P 网络监听交易广播，执行恰当的任务以处理并确认这些交易。比特币矿工完成这些工作能赚取用户支付的用于加速交易处理的交易手续费以及按固定公式增发的比特币。
The mining software, via the P2P network, monitors transactions and performs proper tasks to process and confirm them. By doing so, the miners can earn transaction fees paid by users to speed up the processing of transactions, as well as bitcoins increased by fixed formulas.
新的交易需要被包含在一个具有数学工作量证明的区块中才能被确认。这种证明很难生成因为它只能通过每秒尝试数十亿次的计算来产生。矿工们需要在他们的区块被接受并拿到奖励前运行这些计算。随着更多的人开始挖矿，寻找有效区块的难度就会由网络自动增加以确保找到区块的平均时间保持在 10 分钟。因此，挖矿的竞争非常激烈，没有一个个体矿工能够控制块链里所包含的内容。
New transactions need to be included in a block with mathematical workload proof to be identified. This proof is difficult to generate because it can only be produced by trying billions of calculations per second. Miners need to run these calculations before their blocks are accepted and rewarded. As more people start digging, the difficulty of finding effective blocks automatically increases by the network to ensure that the average time for finding blocks is 10 minutes.
工作量证明还被设计成必须依赖以往的区块，这样便强制了块链的时间顺序。这种设计使得撤销以往的交易变得极其困难，因为需要重新计算所有后续区块的工作量证明。当两个区块同时被找到，矿工会处理接收到的第一个区块，一旦找到下一个区块便将其转至最长的块链。这样就确保采矿过程维持一个基于处理能力的全局一致性。
This design makes it extremely difficult to cancel previous transactions because of the need to recalculate the proof of the workload of all subsequent blocks. When two blocks are found simultaneously, the mining union handles the first block to be received and turns the next block to the longest chain once it is found. This ensures that the mining process maintains a global consistency based on capacity.
比特币矿工既不能通过作弊增加自己的报酬，也不能处理那些破坏比特币网络的欺诈交易，因为所有的比特币节点都会拒绝含有违反比特币协议规则的无效数据的区块。因此，即使不是所有比特币矿工都可以信任，比特币网络仍然是安全的。
Bitcoin miners can neither increase their pay by cheating nor deal with fraudulent transactions that undermine the Bitcoin network, because all bitcoin nodes reject blocks containing invalid data that violate the rules of the Bitcoin agreement. Thus, even if not all bitcoin miners can trust, the Bitcoin network remains secure.
挖矿不是一种能源浪费吗？
Isn't mining a waste of energy?
为了保护和运行一个支付系统而消耗能源并不是一种浪费。和其它任何支付服务一样，使用比特币会产生处理成本。运行目前流行的金融系统必需的服务，比如银行，信用卡和运钞车，也消耗大量能源，虽然它们消耗的能源总量不像比特币那样是透明，也不易度量。
As with any other payment service, the use of bitcoin can generate processing costs. Services necessary to run the current popular financial system, such as banks, credit cards, and money-cars, also consume large amounts of energy, although the total amount of energy they consume is not as transparent as bitcoin and is not easy to measure.
比特币挖矿原理的设计使其可以通过使用专门的硬件随着时间推移优化挖矿过程，从而消耗较少的能源。而挖矿的运行成本依然与需求成正比。当比特币挖矿竞争变得过于激烈且收益减少时，一些矿工会选择停止活动。此外，所有挖矿消耗的能源最终都转化为热能，而利润最多的矿工正是那些可以很好利用热能的人。一个最优的高效挖矿网络不会消耗任何额外能源。尽管这是一种理想情况，挖矿的经济原则就是个体矿工都朝着这一理想状况而努力。
The Bitcoin mining doctrine is designed to optimize the mining process over time by using specialized hardware, thereby consuming less energy. The running costs of mining are still proportional to demand. When Bitcoin mining competition becomes too intense and returns are reduced, some mining unions choose to stop. Moreover, all the energy consumed by mining is eventually turned into thermal energy, and the most profitable miners are those who can make good use of it.
如何通过挖矿帮助保护比特币的安全？
How can
挖矿创造了一种等同于彩票的竞争机制，向块链连续添加新的交易区块对任何人来说都是非常困难的。这一机制可以防止任何个体获得能够冻结某些交易的能力，从而确保了网络的中立性。这一机制也可以防止任何个体替换一部分块链来降低他们自己的花费，否则这种做法可以被用来欺诈其他用户。挖矿机制使得撤销一个以往的交易变得极其困难，因为这需要重写该交易之后的所有区块。
Mining creates a competitive mechanism equivalent to a lottery, and adding new trading blocks to the chain is very difficult for anyone. Such a mechanism would prevent any individual from gaining the ability to freeze certain transactions, thereby ensuring the neutrality of the network. It would also prevent any individual from replacing parts of the chain to reduce their own costs, otherwise it could be used to defraud other users.
开始挖矿前，我需要些什么？
What do I need before we start digging?
在比特币的早期，任何人都可以利用他们计算机的中央处理器寻找新的区块。随着越来越多的人开始挖矿，寻找新区块的难度大幅提高，以至于目前唯一有成本效益的方法就是使用专门的硬件。
In the early days of Bitcoin, anyone could use their computer's central processor to find new blocks. As more and more people start digging, the difficulty of finding new blocks has increased so much that the only cost-effective way to do so is to use specialized hardware.
比特币安全吗？
Is Bitcoin safe?
比特币技术，包括协议和密码学，有着强大的安全性记录，并且比特币网络也许是世界上最大的分布式计算工程。比特币最常见的薄弱环节是用户失误。存储私钥的比特币钱包文件可能会意外地被删除，丢失或盗取。这跟用电子形式存储的实体现金非常相似。幸运的是，用户可以利用可靠的安全性策略来保护他们的资金，也可以使用提供良好安全性等级以及偷盗或遗失保险服务的供应商。
Bitcoin technology, including protocol and cryptography, has strong security records, and the Bitcoin network is perhaps the largest distributed computing project in the world. Bitcoin’s most common weakness is user error. Bitcoin wallet files that store private keys can be accidentally deleted, lost or stolen. This is very similar to physical cash stored electronically. Fortunately, users can use reliable security strategies to protect their funds, as well as suppliers that provide good security levels and stolen or lost insurance services.
比特币在过去被黑客攻击过吗？
Has bitcoin been hacked in the past?
比特币使用的协议和密码学规则在问世多年后仍行之有效，这是个好的现象，说明这个概念的设计非常好。但是，在各种软件的执行过程中，也发现了安全漏洞并予以修正。和其它形式的软件一样，比特币软件的安全性取决于发现并修正问题的速度。类似的问题发现越多，比特币就越趋于成熟。
The protocol and cryptography rules used by Bitcoin are still valid after many years of existence, which is a good sign of the very good design of the concept. But, in the course of the implementation of various software, security gaps have also been identified and corrected. Like other forms of software, the security of bitcoins depends on the speed with which problems are discovered and corrected.
对于在不同的交易平台和业务中发生的窃取和安全漏洞，经常会存在误解。虽然这些是不幸的事件，但是它们并不代表比特币被黑客攻击，也不代表比特币内部存在缺陷，正如银行抢劫并不会危害到货币本身一样。但是准确地说确实需要一整套良好的策略和直观的安全性解决方案来使用户更好地保护他们的资金，降低盗取和遗失的一般风险。在过去几年中，这样的安全功能快速发展，例如钱包加密，离线钱包和多重签名交易。
While these are unfortunate events, they do not represent a hacking of bitcoin, nor is there a flaw within bitcoin, just as bank robbery does not harm the currency itself. But, to be sure, a good set of strategies and visual security solutions is needed to better protect users’ money and reduce the general risk of theft and loss.
用户是否可以联合起来攻击比特币？
Can
轻易改变比特币协议是不可能的。任何不符合协议的比特币客户端都无法强制其他用户遵守它自己的规则。就目前的规则来说，在同一个块链上双重消费是不可能的，没有合法签名的比特币消费也一样。因此，凭空产生大量比特币，使用其他用户的资金，腐败整个网络以及类似的情况都是不可能发生的。
It is impossible to change the Bitcoin protocol easily. No non-conforming Bitcoin client can compel other users to comply with its own rules. For the current rules, double consumption is impossible in the same chain, as is consumption of bitcoins without legal signatures.
但是，多数的矿工可能会任意地选择去冻结或撤销最近的交易，多数的用户也可能为了对协议做出一些修改而施加压力。因为比特币只有在所有用户都完全达成共识时才能正常运作，所以修改协议是非常困难的，需要压倒性的多数用户去采用这些改动以至于剩下的用户除了跟随没有其他选择。一般来说，很难想象一个比特币用户为什么会选择采用任何可能会危害到他资金的协议改动。
Most miners, however, may choose to freeze or cancel recent transactions at will, and most users may press for some changes to the agreement. Since Bitcoin can only function properly if there is full consensus among all users, amending the agreement is very difficult, requiring an overwhelming majority of users to apply the changes so that the remaining users have no choice but to follow.
量子计算是对比特币的威胁吗？
是的，包括传统银行系统在内的大部分依赖于密码学的系统都是这样。但是量子计算机还不存在，也许短期内也不会出现。当量子计算确实即将成为比特币威胁的时候，可以利用后量子算法来更新比特币协议。基于这一更新的重要性，有理由相信开发人员会将其反复审核，最终为所有比特币用户接受。
Yes, most systems that rely on cryptography, including traditional banking systems. But quantum computers do not exist, and may not appear in the near future.
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