比特币是最近几年才流行起来的一种虚拟货币，一开始比特币的出现在网上存在很大的质疑，但是随着后期的发展，很多人都从比特币中看到了巨大的利益。所谓比特币，是目前全球流通的网络虚拟货币，而钱包则是比特币的一个重要基础。顾名思义，比特币钱包就是存储和使用比特币的工具，定义本身清晰而简单，只不过是被大家搞复杂了而已。今天，我将通过这篇文章，尽可能的让“比特币钱包”回归简单。
Bitcoin is a virtual currency that has only been popular in recent years, and the appearance of bitcoin was initially highly questionable online, but as it developed, many people saw great benefits from bitcoin. The so-called bitcoin is a virtual currency in global circulation, and the wallet is an important basis for bitcoin. By definition, Bitcoin's wallet is a tool for storing and using bitcoin.
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区块链钱包的技术原理
Technical principles of block chain wallets
要想弄清楚技术原理必须弄懂三个基本概念：私钥、公钥和地址
Three basic concepts must be understood in order to understand the technical principles: private keys, public keys and addresses
关于这三个概念，已经有很多文章专业的从密码学领域进行过剖析，在这里我就不再赘述了，我将尽可能的用通俗易懂的语言给大家说说。
With regard to these three concepts, many articles have been professionally analysed in the field of cryptography, and I will not repeat them here, and I will speak to you as much as possible in plain and understandable language.
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私钥（private key）
Private key (private key)
听起来很高端，其实就是个随机数（概率空间为2的256次方），我们一般会用计算机来生成这个随机数。你可以想象着比特币世界里有2的256次方个抽屉，随便抽出一个抽屉来存放比特币，抽屉的编号就是私钥，因为只有你知道这个编号，所以也就只有你才能花费这个抽屉里的比特币，在比特币的网络中，私钥就是一个被加密签名保护的秘密数据块，它能证明你有权使用比特币。
It sounds high-end, but it's a random number, and we usually use computers to generate this random number. You can imagine that there are 2,256 separate drawers in the Bitcoin world, and you can pull out a drawer to store bitcoins, and the drawer number is a private key, because only you know the number, so only you can spend bitcoins in this drawer, and in Bitcoin's network, the private key is a secret data block protected by an encrypted signature that proves you have the right to use bitcoins.
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公钥(public key）
Public key
公钥与私钥一一对应，是由私钥推算出来的，我们花费比特币的过程其实就是“使用私钥来签名比特币交易，其他人则可以使用公钥来验证签名，验证通过，花费也就完成了”。私钥能推算出公钥，但公钥不能反推出私钥，该过程是不可逆的，这就是比特币的密码学根基。
The public key corresponds to the private key and is extrapolated by the private key. The process by which we spend bitcoin is, in fact, “to use the private key to sign bitcoin transactions, while others can use the public key to authenticate the signature, verify the passage, and the expense is done.” The private key is able to extrapolate the public key, but the public key cannot reverse the private key, and the process is irreversible, which is the cryptographic foundation of bitcoin.
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地址（bitcoin address）
Address (bitcoin address)
地址是由公钥转换而来（摘要+校验），地址被用于接收比特币（公钥其实也可以收币，只不过大部分人不这么做而已），一个地址上收到比特币后，只有使用该地址所对应的私钥才能花费这个地址上的钱。
The address is converted from a public key (summary + verification), it is used to receive bitcoin (the public key can also be collected, although most people do not). Once bitcoin is received at an address, only the private key to which the address corresponds can be used to spend the money on the address.
好了，从上面的论述中，你就能看出，对于比特币来说，最重要的就是私钥，私钥决定了比特币的产权归属，公钥和地址均能通过私钥推算出来，因此通常意义上的比特币安全其实就是私钥的安全，一个比特币钱包是不是安全的，也要看它能否安全的管理私钥。
Well, from the discussion above, you can see that the most important thing for Bitcoin is the private key, which determines the ownership of Bitcoin, and that both the public key and the address can be extrapolated by the private key, so that generally the security of the bitcoin is actually the security of the private key, and whether a bitcoin wallet is safe, depending on whether it is safe to manage the private key.
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比特币钱包的分类
Classification of Bitcoin Wallet
现在，在了解了这些内容之后，我们终于可以开始对比特币钱包分类了，分类的依据就是根据私钥的管理方式。
Now, after learning about these elements, we can finally begin to sort the bitcophone wallets based on the way in which they are managed according to the private key.
一、按私钥生成的方式分，我们可以将比特币钱包分为两类：
1 使用密码学安全的伪随机数生成器生成私钥的钱包：伪随机数并不是假随机数，这里的“伪”是有规律的意思，随机数是由系统时钟，确切地说是来自计算机主板上的定时器在内存中的记数值计算出来的数值。产生的伪随机值有时遵循一定的规律，有时不遵守一定的规律。比如“世界上没有两片形状完全相同的树叶”正是点到了事物的特性，即随机性，但是每种树的叶子都有相似的形状，这正是事物的共性，即规律性。从这个角度讲，你大概就会接受这样的事实了：计算机只能产生伪随机数而不能产生绝对随机的随机数。这样产生的随机数已经是相对安全的随机数了，可以相对保证钱包的安全性。 Pseudo-random generators using cryptography to generate private key wallets: Pseudo-random numbers are not false random numbers, and the word “false” here is a regular meaning. Random numbers are calculated by system clocks, precisely from the values in the memory of the timers on the computer main board. The resulting pseudo-random values sometimes follow certain patterns, and sometimes do not follow certain patterns. “There are no two completely identical shapes in the world” is something that points to things, that is, randomity, but each leaf has a similar shape, which is common to things, that is, regularity. From this perspective, you probably accept the fact that computers can only produce false random numbers and not absolutely random numbers. 2 使用真随机数生成器生成私钥的钱包：受“成本”和用户体验方面的限制，绝对随机数的产生实现起来非常困难，但是由于智能手机的感应设备非常多（如：相机、麦克风、重力感应、地磁感应、光线感应等），能够采集丰富的、高品质的环境噪声（熵就是混乱的程度），这使得廉价的、方便的真随机数解决方案成为可能，在这一点上，我们必须得感谢移动互联网的高速发展。说的通俗点就是智能手机的感应设备非常多增加了随机的更多可能性，让廉价方便的真随机数产生变成了可能。 The use of real random number generators to generate wallets for private keys: subject to “cost” and user experience constraints, the generation of absolute random numbers is difficult to achieve, but because smartphone sensors (e.g. cameras, microphones, gravity sensors, geomagnetic sensors, light sensors, etc.) are so numerous that they can capture rich, high-quality environmental noise (the extent of entropy is chaos), which makes it possible to have cheap, convenient, real random solutions, and we must thank the high-speed development of mobile Internet. 毫无疑问，以随机的角度来看比特币钱包的安全性，“真随机”优于“伪随机”。 There is no doubt that, from a random perspective, the security of Bitcoin wallets is preferable to “false random”. 二、按私钥的存储方式来划分，我们同样也可以将比特币钱包分为两类： II. By private key storage, we can also divide the Bitcoin wallet into two categories: 01 冷钱包 Cold wallet. 冷即离线、断网，也就是说私钥存储的位置不能被网络所访问，既有在“离线电脑上存储私钥的钱包如库神 ，也有在离线手机上存放私钥的钱包如比太冷钱包，还有将私钥打印或手抄在纸张上的纸钱包，以及设计专门硬件来单独存储私钥的硬件钱包。 Cold is offline, offline, i.e. the location where private keys are stored cannot be accessed by the network, ranging from wallets that store private keys on offline computers, such as Coopers, to wallets that store private keys on offline mobile phones, such as those that are colder, to paper wallets that print or copy private keys on paper, and hardware wallets that design specialized hardware to store private keys separately. 02 热钱包 Hot wallet. 热即联网，也就是私钥存储在能被网络访问的位置，从安全的角度，冷优于热，但从易用的角度，热显然优于冷，到底该如何选择钱包，就需要用户自己在易用与安全之间寻找平衡，挑选满足自己需求的比特币钱包了。 The heat, i.e. the private key, is stored in a location that can be accessed by the network and is better than the heat from a security point of view, but the heat is clearly better than the cold from a user's point of view, and the choice of wallets requires the user itself to find a balance between ease of use and security and to select a bitcoin wallet that meets its needs. 通过上面的讨论 adopts the discussion above 我们可以给挑选比特币钱包的用户提出如下建议： We can make the following recommendations to users who choose the Bitcoin wallet: 1、随机数很重要，甚至可以说，随机数是比特币密码学安全之本，短短几年的比特币历史中，有过多次因随机数问题导致的损失，切不可掉以轻心； 1. Random numbers are important, and it can even be said that random numbers are the safe and secure form of bitcoin cryptography, and that in a few short years of Bitcoin history there have been multiple losses due to random numbers problems that cannot be taken lightly; 2、用于日常支付的小额比特币可以存储在热钱包地址上，热钱包的安全要依赖于其运行的环境，比如电脑钱包要依赖于电脑操作系统（Windows、Linux、MacOS等）的安全，手机钱包要依赖于移动操作系统（iOS、Android等）的安全，在线钱包除依赖于操作系统的安全外，还要依赖于浏览器的安全。保护热钱包，其实就是保护其运行环境，防止木马、病毒、黑客入侵和钓鱼邮件，用户可综合考虑选择满足自己需求的热钱包； 2. Small bitcoins for day-to-day payments can be stored on the hot wallet address, whose security depends on the environment in which it operates, such as computer wallets that depend on the security of computer operating systems (Windows, Linux, MacOS, etc.), mobile wallets that rely on the security of mobile operating systems (iOS, Android, etc.) and online wallets that rely on the safety of browsers, in addition to operating systems. Protecting the hot wallets, in fact, is protecting the environment in which they operate, preventing carp, virus, hacking, and fishing e-mails, and allowing users to consider a combination of hot wallets that meet their needs; 3、大额比特币应存储在冷钱包地址上，确保安全，并且应考虑适当的监控和验证方案； 3. Large bitcoins should be stored on cold wallet addresses to ensure security, and appropriate monitoring and certification schemes should be considered; 4、私钥应该进行合理的备份，对于冷钱包来说，如果存储的币量大，甚至还应考虑异地灾备，以确保即便是在特殊情况发生时，比特币资产仍然安全当看到有比特币矿工因火灾或其它灾难丢失大额比特币资产的新闻时，您就知道备份和灾备的意义了。 4. Private keys should be backed up reasonably, and in the case of cold wallets, if the amount of money stored is large, even consideration should be given to off-site disaster preparedness to ensure that even in exceptional circumstances, Bitcoin assets remain safe when you see news of bitcoin miners losing large bitcoin assets as a result of a fire or other disaster. 3 比特币钱包转账步骤 Bitcoin Wallet Transfer Steps 我们在普通的现实货币交易过程中，基本上都是需要通过专业的第三方进行货币的中转，比如我们在现实中向别人转账，无论是哪国的货币，转账过程中都需要到银行中转，再由银行转发给转账的对象，在中转过程中，银行需要收取一定的手续费用。 In the ordinary course of real-estate currency transactions, we basically have to make money transfers through professional third parties, for example, when we transfer money to someone else in reality, regardless of the currency in which it is made, to the bank, which then forwards it to the person to whom it is transferred, and during the course of the transfer, the bank has to charge a certain transaction fee. 全球每年通过银行进行中转的货币金额是十分巨大的，所以过程中需要向第三方支付的手续费用也是不可估量，而网络的区块链钱包则完全不需要中间的转账费用。 The amount of money transferred annually through banks globally is enormous, so the processing costs to third parties in the process are also incalculable, while the network’s block chain wallets do not require intermediate transfer costs at all. 1 你需要登录你的钱包，类似登录银行的网银；选择你要转出币的钱包地址，就相当于你朋友的银行卡号。钱包地址就相当于你实体钱包里的一张张银行卡，这个地址符号是一长串30位大小写字母和数字组成的字符串，它有点像我们的银行卡账号。 You need to log in your wallet, like Internet money in your bank, and choose the wallet address you want to transfer out of your bank account, which is your friend's bank card. The wallet's address is the same as a bank card in your entity wallet, which is a long string of 30-digit letters and numbers, and it's kind of like our bank card account number. 2 你先选好要从自己哪个比特币地址转币给你的朋友，也就是你自己的银行卡号。 You choose which bitcoin address you want to transfer to your friend, your own bank card number. 3 填写好朋友收币的比特币钱包地址，写入转给朋友的数额，比如1万个，然后写下你想付出的交易手续费金额，签上你的比特币签名，提交给比特币网络，然后就等矿工们来打包处理了。 Fill out the best friend's currency wallet address, write down the amounts transferred to friends, such as 10,000, and write down the transaction fee you want to pay, sign your bitcoin, submit it to the Bitcoin network, and wait for the miners to pack it. 4 比特币转账机制 Bitcoin Transfer Mechanism 和我们使用银行转账不一样的地方是，你可以自己选择转账手续费是多少，也可以不给转账手续费。不过，不给手续费，可能不会被矿工记账确认，或者比较晚被矿工记账确认，这就是比特币的转账机制。 Unlike what we use for bank transfers, you can either choose how much to transfer or not. 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