“比特币线上交易平台肯定要关。” 比特币知名投资人赵东称。9月11日，记者以比特币小白玩家的身份向赵东咨询个人在平台上的比特币后续如何处置等问题时，这位比特币圈知名人士“东哥”给出了“平台肯定要关”、 “可以来场外交易”的回复。
“The Bitcoin online trading platform must be closed.” According to Jo Dong, a well-known investor in Bitcoin. On September 11, when journalists consulted Zhao Dong as a bitco’s little white player on how to follow up on Bitco’s actions on the platform, the prominent Bitcounian figure, “The Platform must be closed” and “Can come to an out-of-town transaction.”
场外市场比特币 日交易额上亿元
据记者了解，在比特币行业里，场外交易（over-the-counter， OTC）的主要渠道有机构自营的信息中介平台，机构自营和许可加入的信息中介联盟以及个人、微型团队主导的微信群、QQ群。根据提供服务的模式可分为B2C、C2C两类。文章开始提到的“东哥”，就是C2C模式的代表人物。 According to journalists, in the Bitcoin industry, the main channels for off-site transactions (over-the-counter, OTC) are institutionally owned information brokering platforms, self-employed and licensed information intermediaries alliances, and individual, micro-team-led micro-messages, QQ-groups. The modes of service delivery can be divided into the B2C and C2C categories. “How To Buy Bitcoins”网站显示，包括场外交易在内，全球用户可购买比特币的途径超过31种。在B2C模式中，覆盖范围最广的比特币场外交易平台LocalBitcoins.com，已为245个国家、超过1.4万个城市的用户提供购买比特币的服务，其中也包括人民币用户。据coin.dance第三方数据平台的资料，LocalBitcoins平台上人民币兑换比特币的交易高峰期曾出现在2017年2月，这个特殊的时间节点，正是中国监管层对中国境内的比特币交易平台进行现场监管时。当时各交易平台由于升级反洗钱系统的原因，暂停了比特币的提币服务。中国场内交易平台的这一业务调整直接促使LocalBitcoins网站的人民币交易量翻了42倍。按2017年2月的比特币市场平均价格计算，当月该场外交易平台的月人民币交易额超过4亿元人民币。 “How To Buy Bitcoins” shows that worldwide users can buy bitcoins more than 31 ways, including off-site transactions. In the B2C model, the most extensive Bitcoins off-site platform in China, Local Bitcoins.com, provided services for the purchase of bitcoins to users in 245 countries and more than 14,000 cities, including renminbi users. According to the Coin.dance third-party data platform, the People’s Currency Exchange peak on the Local Bitcoins platform appeared in February 2017, a special time node, when China’s regulatory hierarchy monitored Bitcoins on-site. 每笔场外交易的清算是由交易双方负责进行的，交易参与者仅限于信用程度高的用户。那么，有交易需求，而在现实生活中交易双方又没有互相信任的基础，这种情况该如何展开比特币交易呢？ The settlement of each off-site transaction is the responsibility of the parties to the transaction, and the participants in the transaction are limited to high-credit users. How, then, is there a demand for the transaction and, in reality, there is no basis for mutual trust between the parties to the transaction? 特殊的交易需求催生了微信群交易。文章开篇提到的比特币圈内知名人士“东哥”，就是场外交易微信群最知名的人物。这种交易具有极强的灵活性和隐蔽性。通常，用户通过熟人介绍，加入中间人的微信群，与群里其他用户自由交易或通过中间人进行担保交易。在担保交易中，中间人会收取1%至5%不等的手续费。赵东就是比特币圈最知名的担保人之一。 Special transaction needs give rise to a microscopic transaction. The prominent figure in the Bitcoin Circle, referred to in the opening of the article, is one of the most well-known of the off-site microscopic microscopics. Such transactions are extremely flexible and covert. Usually, users, through their acquaintances, join the microscopics of intermediaries, freely trade with other users in the group or engage in secured transactions through intermediaries. In the case of secured transactions, intermediaries charge fees ranging from 1 to 5 per cent. 据说，在比特币圈有一个说法——无论是小白玩家还是资深玩家，如果不知道赵东，都不好意思说自己是玩币一族。 It is said that there is a statement in the Bitcoin Circle — whether it is a small white player or a senior player — who, without knowing Zhao Dong, is ashamed to say that he is a member of the family. “今天有没有要出比特币大货的？1000个。”7月26日，赵东在其微信朋友圈公开招揽生意。仅仅6天之后，8月3日，赵东在其朋友圈再次发声，“出1000个比特币大货。”日出货1000个比特币是什么概念？按8月3日国内比特币交易平台的价格计算，1000个比特币的价格约是2000万元人民币。公开资料显示，目前，国内最大的比特币交易平台8月日均交易量约为1.4万个比特币。而这还只是赵东在其朋友圈公开的比特币交易量。赵东以微信群、QQ群从事场外交易，其中，某群公告赫然显示，“入群免费，无身份验证；交易如果需要担保，可以找我或者沈峰、张宇君，每笔交易担保费用0.5%”。 On July 26, Zhao Dong opened up his business in his microfiche circle. Only six days later, on August 3, Zhao Dong made another sound in his circle of friends, saying, "A thousand bitcoins." What is the concept of 1,000 bitcoins? According to the price of the domestic Bitcoin trading platform on August 3th, the price of 1,000 bitcoins is approximately 20 million yuan. The data show that at present, the country's largest Bitcoin trading platform averages about 14,000 bitcoins per month. This is just the amount of bitcoins that Zhao Dong has made public in his circle of friends. 赵东的置顶微博亦显示，“正式推出大额比特币代购、代售业务，60万元人民币、10万美元起，采用VWAP算法，使用机器人拆分成小单，按照市场成交量买卖，佣金1%。” According to Zhao Tung Weibo, “the purchase and sale of large bitcoin was officially launched, amounting to RMB 600,000 and $100,000, using the VWAP algorithm, and using robotics to split up small sheets and sell them according to market transactions at 1 per cent of the commission”. 在微信群和QQ群的搜索页面，带有“比特币场外交易”“OTC交易”等关键词的群组数量近百。而这些活跃的群组背后，正是在灰暗中生存的场外交易“大部队”。 There are nearly a hundred groups with key words such as “bitcoin off-site transactions” and “OTC transactions” on the search pages of the micro-message and the QQ group. Behind these active groups are the off-site trading “large forces” that survive in the dark. 无KYC政策 交易纠纷需自行消解 no KYC policy transaction disputes need to be resolved on their own 经手几千个比特币，流程是什么样的？风险又怎么处理？赵东微信群中的一位投资者告诉记者：“交易流程特别简单，线上挂单，谁低买谁，直接转账。”对于如此“简单”的流程如何规避风险，该投资者表示，“小额的无所谓，大额的交易为了防止对方‘跑路’可以找东哥担保。”记者追问，“那如何防止东哥‘跑路’呢？”对此，该投资者未予作答。 With thousands of bitcoins in hand, what is the process? How is the risk handled? An investor in Zhao's Uttar Pradesh told journalists: “The transaction process is particularly simple, it's on the line, who buys it, direct transfers.” For such a “simple” process how to avoid risk, the investor said, “It's no big deal, a big deal can be secured by Dong-go in order to prevent the other party's `runway'.” The journalist asked, “How can he prevent `run'?” The investor did not answer. 浏览LocalBitcoins.com网站，可以看到交易平台为用户提供简单的信用评级服务，每个用户在平台的交易记录都会被公开披露，这有点类似中国的“58同城”等网站提供的信息中介服务。平台还提供类似支付宝担保交易功能的账户托管服务。不过该托管账户仅针对比特币或其他虚拟代币，而不涉及各国法定货币。用户经过简单的注册，即可通过网站进行比特币的自由买卖交易，流程如下：“注册账号—选择币种—点击买入—输入数量或价格购买—转账付款—确认收款发送比特币”。当交易双方发生纠纷时，网站为用户提供简单的冲突调解服务，而提供这项服务的前提是客服正常上班，并依据网站设置的服务条款进行判定。 Viewing the Local Bitcoins.com website, it can be seen that the trading platform provides simple credit rating services for users, and that each user's transaction records are publicly disclosed on the platform, which is somewhat similar to the information broker service provided on websites such as “58-Same City” in China. The platform also provides a hosting service for accounts similar to the secured transactions function of payment treasures. The hosting account is, however, only for bitcoins or other virtual tokens, not for national legal currencies. 有业内人士对记者表示，从LocalBitcoins.com的交易流程可以看出，其与场内交易的明显区别是，场外交易不需要严格的KYC（Know your customer，充分了解你的客户），用户仅需提供简单的资料，就可以快速注册成为一个场外交易平台合格用户，并利用该未经KYC的账号，进行额度不限的交易。 According to journalists, as can be seen from the Local Bitcoins.com transaction process, the obvious difference between it and the in-house transactions is that the off-site transactions do not require a strict KYC (Know your customer, fully aware of your client), that users simply need to provide simple information to quickly register as a qualified user of an off-site trading platform, and that they can make an open-ended transaction using an account that has not been signed by KYC. 据悉，场内交易与场外交易的不同之处，除了是否执行完整的KYC政策外，还主要集中在以下三点：一是信用基础不同。OTC方式以交易双方的信用为基础，由交易双方自行承担信用风险，需要建立双边授信后才可进行交易；而场内交易以交易双方对交易中心的信任为基础，交易中心承担了市场交易者的信用风险。二是价格形成的机制不同。场外交易基于买卖双方的双边询价形成；场内交易则基于计算机算法的撮合交易。三是清算方式不同。场外交易以交易双方各自的清算流程为依据，买卖双方须自行安排资金和虚拟代币的清算；场内交易则多数通过交易平台进行集中清算。 The difference between intra- and off-site transactions, in addition to whether or not to implement the full KYC policy, is known to focus on the following three points: first, the credit base is different. The OTC approach is based on the creditworthiness of the parties to the transaction, with credit risk being borne by the parties themselves, which requires bilateral letters to be established before transactions can take place; second, the trading centre bears the credit risk of market traders, based on the trust of the parties to the transaction in the trading centre. Second, the mechanism for price formation is different. Out-of-site transactions are based on bilateral solicitations between buyers and sellers; intra-office transactions are based on a combination of computer algorithms. “重生的丝绸之路” 暗藏巨大犯罪风险 2013年关闭的丝绸之路网站曾经轰动全球，也带动了很多人对暗网的知识启蒙。基于暗网的犯罪行为有毒品交易、买凶杀人、非法证件交易等。如今活跃在监管范畴之外的比特币场外交易，由于拥有更强的匿名性和不可追踪的特点，为洗钱、非法交易等犯罪行为的运作和发展提供了新渠道、新动力，被市场人士称为“重生的丝绸之路”。 The Silk Road website, which was closed down in 2013, has given rise to global excitement and has inspired many people's knowledge of the dark web. Crimes based on the dark web include drug trafficking, homicides, illegal documents, and so on. 发生在中国的场外交易通常是大额的比特币兑换人民币的交易。动辄1000个、2000个比特币的一次性“大单”交易成为场外交易的特色。拥有此类交易需求的用户，期待更“简洁快速”的交易流程，并愿为满足此类特殊需求付出高昂的0.2%至5%不等的手续费，间接承担一些由交易对象产生的非正常交易风险。相同数量级的比特币交易如果发生在场内平台，则需要经历完整的KYC流程。 Off-site transactions in China typically involve large amounts of bitcoin for renminbi. One-off “large-list” transactions of as much as 1,000 and 2,000 bitcoins are the feature of off-site transactions. Users with demand for such transactions expect a more “simplified and fast” transaction process and are willing to pay a high transaction fee of between 0.2 and 5 per cent to meet such special needs, indirectly bearing some of the unusual transaction risks arising from the transaction. 上述业内人士表示，比特币交易伴随着一定的风险，包括价格波动、市场操纵、信息泄露、“跑路”等。各国的监管机构对场内交易平台持有不同的监管政策，试图将以上风险“放进监管的笼子里”。2017年4月份，华盛顿政客达成一致意见，并确定了针对比特币交易所的监管规定。这些规定声明，任何在华盛顿州经营加密货币交易所的人都必须申请该州颁发的许可证，必须执行严格的KYC政策。他们必须与一家第三方审计机构合作，披露自己的系统并接受监督。2017年7月1日，日本新版消费税正式生效，比特币交易不再需要缴纳8%的消费税。但日本政府同时要求比特币交易所实施比目前更加严格的KYC政策，交易所必须开始核查开户用户的身份，保管交易记录，并且向监管机构报告可疑交易。 In April 2017, Washington politicians agreed on and set regulatory provisions for the Bitcoin exchange. These regulations state that anyone operating an encrypted currency exchange in Washington state must apply for a licence issued by the state and must implement a strict KYC policy. They must cooperate with a third-party auditing agency to disclose their systems and be supervised. On 1 July 2017, Japan’s new version of the excise tax came into force, eliminating the need for 8% consumption tax on currency transactions. 国内方面，2013年12月3日，中国人民银行联合五部委印发的《关于防范比特币风险的通知》指出：从性质上看，比特币应当是一种特定的虚拟商品，不具有与货币等同的法律地位，不能且不应作为货币在市场上流通使用。此外，据媒体报道，2017年1月11日，中国人民银行北京营业管理部工作小组进驻币行、火币网、比特币中国等多家平台进行现场检查，并对平台的创新金融服务、投资者教育业务、反洗钱系统、KYC政策提出整改意见。 On the domestic front, on 3 December 2013, the Circular on Protection against Bitcoin Risk, issued by the five joint ministries and departments of the People's Bank of China, stated that Bitcoin should by its nature be a specific virtual commodity with no legal status equivalent to that of a currency and cannot and should not be used as a currency in the market. Moreover, according to media reports, on 11 January 2017, the Working Group of the Beijing Operations Management Department of the People's Bank of China undertook on-site inspections of several platforms, including the Currency Bank, the Currency Network, and the Bitcoin China, and proposed changes to the Platform's innovative financial services, investor education operations, anti-money-laundering systems, and KYC policies. 尽管国情不同，创业者需要遵循的政策、法律法规也不尽相同，全球各国监管层对比特币交易却有出奇一致的监管诉求——执行严格的KYC政策。据记者了解，这源于比特币的匿名性。比特币的地址是一串随机数。这些随机数就是学者们通常诟病的比特币匿名性。然而，区块链技术的公开透明、每一笔交易可追溯的特性，使得比特币的匿名性逐渐向“化名性”进行转变。当交易者的身份与其每一笔在比特币公网上发生的交易进行有效关联的时候，比特币的匿名性也就自然而然被攻破了。这为监管者提供了透明度和监管抓手。严格的KYC政策可以使每一个比特币交易用户的身份变得可信，从而达成打击犯罪分子的目的。而缺失KYC政策的场外交易平台，正逐渐沦为犯罪分子的温床。 Despite differences in national circumstances, entrepreneurs are required to follow different policies, laws and regulations, and there is an extraordinaryly consistent regulatory demand for currency transactions at the regulatory level around the world – the implementation of a rigorous KYC policy. Journalists know that this stems from the anonymity of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a random number. These random numbers are the Bitcoin anonymity of scholars who typically criticize disease. 二级市场兑换交易是比特币生态链条的重要环节，始终以参与用户多、交易规模大著称。国家互金专委会7月份披露的国内比特币交易情况监测报告显示，2017年7月1日至7月31日，国内比特币交易月度成交额为301.7亿元，占全球总交易量的30%。很难想象，假如超过300亿元人民币的市场存量流向无法溯源、分散隐匿的场外交易市场，投资用户的资金安全该何去何从。有人称，如果将场内交易比作洪水猛兽，比特币场外交易则相当于“洪水开闸、猛兽归山”。 Second-tier market exchange transactions are an important link in the Bitcoin ecological chain, and are always known for the number of users involved and the scale of the transactions. A domestic Bitcoin transaction monitoring report disclosed by the National Commission for the Exchange in July showed that between 1 July and 31 July 2017, domestic Bitcoins traded at 30.17 billion yuan a month, or 30% of the total global trade. It is hard to imagine how the capital security of investment users could be secured if the market stock of more than 30 billion yuan went to an untraceable, dispersed and off-the-ground market. 有专家认为，目前国家大力推动经济脱虚向实，鼓励实体经济发展，限制比特币炒作，将有利于引导资金从对比特币的炒作中回流到实体经济中。这也应该是监管部门考虑出台政策限制比特币的主要原因。同时，也应该防止超过300亿元人民币的比特币市场存量流向无法溯源、分散隐匿的场外交易市场。 This should also be the main reason why regulators are considering policies to limit Bitcoins. At the same time, it is important to prevent the flow of more than 30 billion yuan worth of bitcoins to untraceable, dispersed and off-the-shelf markets.
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