币圈OTC商家被认定为“帮信犯罪”或“掩隐”犯罪已不新鲜，但，纯粹从“法律和事实”的角度探讨——这些投资虚拟货币挣差价的“OTC商家”真的都能被认定成“帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪”或“掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益罪？”检察机关或法院真的能确信——他们主观上对卖币收到的赃款属于“明知或应知”的情形？
OTC merchants in the currency circle have been identified as “constructive crimes” or “hidden crimes”, but purely from a “legal and factual” point of view — do the “OTC merchants” who make a difference in the value of these investments really qualify as “criminals that aid information cybercrime activities” or “concealing the concealment of proceeds of crime and their proceeds?” Prosecution authorities or courts can really be convinced — they are subjectively “know or ought to know” the proceeds of the sale of the currency?
2021年2月23号，农历正月十二，我们接到多起嫌疑人家属的电话，请求维护嫌疑人的合法权益。一探究竟发现，嫌疑人都是在“虚拟货币交易所”做“法币与代币兑换”的商家，因为收到了赃款，被异地公安机关带走并拘留，其中有两起案件已被批捕，涉嫌的罪名分别为：“帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪”、“掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益罪”。
On February 23, 2021, the 12th of the 19th calendar month, we received several calls from family members of suspects requesting to defend the legitimate rights and interests of suspects. It was found that the suspects were business owners of the “virtual currency exchange” for the “exchange of French and currency” because they received the stolen money and were taken away and detained by the foreign public security authorities, including two cases in which they had been arrested on charges of “helping information cybercrime activities” and “concealing the concealment of proceeds of crime and their proceeds”.
农历正月十二至正月二十，八天时间，我带着助理，分别奔赴安徽、广东、甘肃等地，与多地的公安机关、检察院探讨——“虚拟货币OTC交易，能否以“帮信”或“掩隐”的罪名起诉嫌疑人？
During the 12th to 20th, 8th day of the same month, I travelled with my assistant to Anhui, Guangdong and Gansu, respectively, to discuss with the public security authorities and the Public Prosecutor's Office in various parts of the country the “virtual currency OTC deal” and whether a suspect could be prosecuted on charges of “help letter” or “hidden cover”?
（一）我们首先要弄清楚什么是“虚拟货币OTC交易”？
(i) We first have to figure out what a “virtual currency OTC transaction” is?
在我看来：“虚拟货币OTC交易”——就是“中间商赚差价”，低价收取卖家的币，然后向买家高价卖出。
In my view, the “virtual currency OTC transaction” — the “intermediary earns the difference”, collects the seller's currency at a low price and sells it to buyers at a high price.
我们登陆“某虚拟货币交易所网站”如下图所示：
We have access to the website of a virtual currency exchange, as shown in the following graph:
我们可以看到：
We can see:
1、点击“购买”（这意味着OTC商家向你卖币）链接，我们发现卖泰达币USDT的商家至少有40页，数百个；购买的单价从人民币6.56—7.23不等；
1. Click on the “purchase” link (which means that the OTC dealer sells money to you), and we find at least 40 pages, hundreds of United States dollars (USDTs) sold in tadal currency; the unit price of the purchase varies from 6.56 to 7.23 yuan;
2、同样，我们点击“出售”（这意味着OTC商家向你买币）链接，我们发现买泰达币USDT的商家至少有60页，数百个；售出的单价从人民币6.57—5.76不等；
2. Similarly, by clicking on the “sale” link (which means that OTC merchants buy money from you), we found that businesses buying Titanic USDT had at least 60 pages, hundreds of which were sold at a unit price ranging from 6.57 to 5.76 yuan;
泰达币（USDT）是Tether公司推出的基于稳定价值货币美元（USD）的代币Tether USD（下称USDT），1USDT=1美元，用户可以随时使用USDT与USD进行1:1兑换——类似于：在博彩场所中用作投注的替代品，它在赌场用来代表现金，一般情况下设计成类似硬币般的圆形筹码。
Tedarco (USDT) is Tether USD (hereinafter USDT), a proxy introduced by Tether based on the stable value of the United States dollar (USD), 1USDT = US$1. Users can use the USDT at any time for 1:1 conversion with the USD — similar to: as an alternative to bets in a gambling complex, which is used in casinos to represent cash and is typically designed as round chips similar to coins.
比如说，某赌场的筹码官方定价是7元一枚；但，你进赌场拿现金找中介兑换的时候，中介按照7.1元一枚兑给你；但是，你赚钱了要出赌场，需要将筹码变现成现金的时候，中介回收筹码的价格为6.9元一枚；这样一来回，中介每一枚筹码就赚了两分钱。数字货币OTC商家的生财之道，就在这里！
For example, the official price of a casino's chips is $7; but, when you go to the casino to exchange the cash, the broker exchanges it at $7.1; but, when you make money to get out of the casino, you need to convert the chips into cash, the agent recovers the chips at $6.9; then, the broker earns two cents of each chip. That's where the digital money is generated by OTC merchants.
如上图所示：在“某虚拟货币交易所”里，我们点击任意一个商家的订单信息界面，名为“财财商铺”的商家，以6.55元的价格收购USDT，然后再以6.57元的价格卖出，每卖出一个USDT，赚取人民币2分钱的差价。
As shown in the figure above, in a “virtual currency exchange”, we click on the order information interface of any business, called the “fiscal shop”, to buy USDT at a price of $6.55 and then sell it at a price of $6.57 and earn the difference of two cents in the renminbi for each sale.
看到这里，公检法及币圈之外的人，一定会疑问：
1、“USDT为什么没有一个统一的价格，而是出现这几分钱价差，让这些OTC商家来投机赚差价呢？” 1, “Why does a USDT not have a uniform price, but rather a fraction of the price difference that allows these OTC traders to speculate for the price difference?” 2、为什么大部分消费者不选择OTC商家中卖的最便宜的跟他买？然后，选择收的价格最高的，跟他卖？ 2 and why does most consumers choose not to buy the cheapest at OTC's house? 这是因为：消费者拿人民币等法币买卖数字货币这个过程中，存在一些风险，比如说，买币的时候，一般都是消费者先打款，然后，卖币的商家再发币；但是，之前确实有商家收到钱之后不发币，存在违约；所以，消费者不仅仅看哪个商家的价钱低，还要看哪个商家的信誉好。 This is because there are a number of risks involved in the process of buying and selling digital currencies in French and other currencies, such as, for example, the fact that when buying money, it is usually the consumer who makes the money and then the money seller who issues the money; however, it is true that there are earlier traders who do not issue the money and there are defaults; therefore, consumers look not only at the low price of one but also at the credibility of the other. 另外，尤其消费者在“卖币换成人民币”的环节中，有可能收到赃款，一旦收到赃款，就容易被公安机关冻结银行账户，即使后面提交交易记录能够解冻，但是跟公安机关沟通也是较为繁琐。所以，选择一个靠谱的“客户”来卖币，就显得尤为重要。 Moreover, especially in the context of the “sale of currency for renminbi” chain, consumers are likely to receive stolen money, which, once received, makes it easier for the public security authorities to freeze bank accounts and, even if the subsequent submission of records of transactions can be unfreezing, it is more cumbersome to communicate with the public security authorities. Therefore, it is particularly important to choose a reliable “client” to sell the currency. 所以，USDT的商家收购价和卖出价出现价差，纯属虚拟货币行业里面的特性。这就意味着：“商家”的信誉越好，选择与该商家交易的消费者就越多，该商家的差额利润就越多。 So, the difference between the purchase price and the sale price of the USDT is purely a feature of the virtual money industry. This means that the better the reputation of the “businessman” is, the more consumers choose to deal with the business, the more profit the business will have. （二）投资买卖泰达币（USDT）挣差价，违法吗？ (ii) Is it against the law to invest in a trade-off price of Titanic (USDT)? 根据2017年9月4日，人民银行等七部门发布的《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》，明确：“任何组织和个人不得非法从事代币发行融资活动”，但是，并没有禁止民间持有、投资买卖数字货币。 On 4 September 2017, the Proclamation of the People's Bank and seven other departments on the Protection against the Risk of Financing the Issue of Moneys, stated that “no organization or individual may illegally engage in the financing of the issue of moneys”, but did not prohibit private ownership of, investment in or trade in digital currencies. 在上海市第一中级人民法院审理的“闫向东等与李圣艳等财产损害赔偿纠纷二审案件”、北京海淀区人民法院审理的“冯亦然与北京乐酷达网络科技有限公司合同纠纷一审案件”。此外，还有杭州互联网法院、台州中院等等，法院皆一致认为：“中国人民银行等部委曾发布《关于防范比特币风险的通知》(2013年)、《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》(2017年)等文件,虽然否定了此类“虚拟货币”作为货币的法律地位,但上述规定并未对其作为商品的财产属性予以否认,我国法律、行政法规亦并未禁止比特币的持有。 In the Shanghai City First Intermediate People's Court's “second instance of the dispute over damages to property such as East and Lee Sung Ying” and the People's Court of Haidian District of Beijing's “Von is also in the first instance of the case of the contract dispute with Lekoutda Network Science and Technology Ltd.” In addition, there are the Hangzhou Internet Court, the Central House of Tai County, etc., where the Court unanimously agreed that “Ministers such as the People's Bank of China have issued the “Strong” Notice on Protection against Bitcoin Risks (2013) and the Proclamation on Protection against the Risk of Generations Financed (2017), although the legal status of such “virtual currency” as a currency has been denied, the aforementioned provisions do not deny its property as a commodity, and our laws and administrative regulations do not prohibit the possession of of Bitcoins. 《关于防范比特币风险的通知》中更提及,“从性质上看,比特币应当是一种特定的虚拟商品”。因此，比特币具备虚拟财产、虚拟商品的属性，应受到法律的保护。” , the notice on protection against the risk of Bitcoin , refers more to “the fact that bitcoin is by its nature a particular virtual commodity.” Thus, Bitcoin possesses the attributes of virtual property, virtual goods and should be protected by law.” 所以，我认为：“以市场行情，单纯从交易所买卖数字货币，并不违反我国现行的法律法规”。但，如果以此为业，OTC商家买卖数字货币大量挣差价，这是否涉及“非法经营罪”的问题，另当别论。 So, in my opinion, “the mere purchase and sale of digital currency from an exchange for market purposes is not a violation of the laws and regulations in force in our country.” But if this is the case, if OTC traders buy and sell digital money for a large price difference, does it involve the question of “unlawful conduct of business” or not? （三）检察院以什么理由对OTC商家进行“批捕”甚至“审查起诉”？ (iii) On what grounds does the Prosecutor's Office of 通过笔者走访的众多人民公安和人民检察院，我发现绝大多数公、检机关办案人员都是非常认真、负责任的，对于数字货币行业里面晦涩的专业知识，及其法律适用的问题，非常乐意与律师进行探讨。 As a result of the numerous people's public security and people's procuratorates that I visited, I found that the vast majority of public and procuratorial personnel were very serious and responsible, and that they were very willing to discuss with lawyers the obscure expertise in the digital money industry and the application of its laws. 检察院对OTC商家进行“批捕”甚至“审查起诉”，也绝不是嫌疑人认为的“毫无道理”。检察院的理由是——“商家卖数字货币过程中，收款账户经常被公安机关冻结，然而，商家仍旧继续办理银行卡用于卖虚拟货币收款，所以，由此推出——“商家明知他人经常通过卖币来洗钱或销赃，你仍旧不断地开卡来卖币”。 The Public Prosecutor's Office's “censorship” of OTC merchants, even “censorship” and “censorship of charges”, is by no means “unjustified” in the opinion of the suspect. The Public Prosecutor's Office's argument is that “receipt accounts are often frozen by the public security organs in the course of the sale of digital currency by the merchants. However, the latter continue to process bank cards for the sale of virtual money, so it is introduced that “the merchants, knowing that money is often laundered or sold by others, keep keeping your cards open for the sale of money”. 检察院的逻辑是：因为你之前卖币被冻卡了，所以，你应当知道这个行业是有风险的，应当知道这里面肯定有人利用卖币来洗钱或销赃，所以，你如果对冻卡不管不顾，继续开卡来卖币，说明了你对卖币收到赃款是一种放任的心理态度，对洗钱或销赃行为是漠视的，甚至是帮助的！所以，你卖币再次收到赃款就构成了“帮助信息网络犯罪”或者是“掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得”。 The logic of the Attorney-General's Office is that since you sold your currency before it was frozen, you should know that the industry is at risk, and that there must be someone in it who uses it to launder money or to sell it, so that if you continue to open a card to sell your money in disregard of the card, you are open-minded about receiving the money, ignoring it or even helping it! （四）虽然，我理解检察院的逻辑，但是，从法理发出，我不这么看！ (iv) although I understand the logic of the Attorney General's Office, but from jurisprudence, I don't think so! 打个比方：张三开了一家饭店，知道在超市购买食用油可能会有买到地沟油的风险。果不其然，真的买到了地沟油，然后消费者吃了张三做的食物，导致食物中毒；然后，张三继续经营这家饭店，同样也是在超市买的食用油，结果，张三又碰到了消费者因为吃到了地沟油导致食物中毒。 For example, Zhang San opened a hotel and knew that there was a risk of buying gullible oil at a supermarket. Instead, he actually bought gully oil, and then the consumer ate a triple of cooking food, causing food poisoning; then Zhang San continued to run the restaurant, also buying it at a supermarket, and then Zhang came across the consumer's food poisoning because he ate gully oil. 请问，因为消费者吃了张三饭店菜里有地沟油，导致食物中毒；第二次，消费者又食物中毒，如果张三是通过正规的超市买到的油，请问，张三属不属于生产地沟油的帮助犯？应不应当推断，张三对第二次买到的食用油属于地沟油，具有“明知或应知”的情形吗？ Excuse me, because the consumer ate three hotel dishes with gushing oil, which resulted in food poisoning; and for the second time, when the consumer was food poisoning, if Zhang San bought oil through a regular supermarket, he was not a helper in the production of guacamole oil? Should it not be assumed that Zhang San's second pair of cooking oils belonged to guacamole oil and had “know or ought to know” circumstances? 同理：检察院以上逻辑是：商家卖币收款账户一旦遭受冻结，必须停止交易，否则再次交易收到赃款被冻结账户，就构成犯罪！如果，公安机关冻结商家账户之初即明确告知“特定的某个数字货币买方”的支付资金是赃款，然而，商家却继续选择与该买方交易，则该商家构成“帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪”或“掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得罪”，这毋容置疑！ Similarly, the logic of the Public Prosecutor's Office is that once a merchant's money collection account is frozen, it is necessary to stop the transaction, otherwise it is an offence for another transaction to receive the stolen account to be frozen. If the public security organ freezes the account of a businessman, at the outset, explicitly informs the “specific buyer of a given digital currency” that the payment money is the stolen money, but the businessman continues to choose to deal with the buyer, then the businessman constitutes a “crime of aiding information cybercrime” or “concealing the proceeds of crime” , which is unquestionable! 但事实情况是：“商家某张银行卡因为不知情收到了赃款被某地的公安机关冻结进行调查，暂且还不知道商家是否明知买方资金属于赃款，账户能否解冻的时候，公安机关就以此认为——“商家不能继续从事数字货币买卖”！试问，法律有没有规定，一旦卖币被冻结账户，今后就不能买卖数字货币？ But the truth is: “When a business card is frozen by a local public security authority for not knowing that it has received the stolen money, and it is not yet known whether the business is aware that the buyer's money is stolen, and the account can be unfrozen, the public security authority considers that — “the merchant cannot continue trading in digital currency” — to ask whether the law provides that once the sale of the currency has been frozen, it is not possible to buy or sell digital money in the future? 所以，检察机关以——“商家卖数字货币过程中，收款账户经常被公安机关冻结，然而，商家仍旧继续办理银行卡用于卖虚拟货币收款，所以，由此推出商家明知交易款是赃款”。这种推断方法，笔者不敢认同！以此种方式打击犯罪，已经严重的扩大了打击范围。 Thus, the Public Prosecutor's Office stated, “In the course of the sale of digital money by merchants, the receipt accounts are often frozen by the public security authorities; however, the bank card continues to be used by merchants for the sale of virtual currency receipts, and the resulting method of extrapolation is known to the merchants to know that the transaction is stolen.” This method of inference does not allow me to agree with the fact that the fight against crime in this way has greatly broadened the scope of the attack. （五）从风险与收益的角度，我不认为OTC商家对卖币收到的赃款“知情” (v) From a risk and gain perspective, I do not think that OTC merchants “know” about the money received in the currency 我们知道绝大多数OTC商家买卖数字货币（USDT）的价差仅在1—2分钱，一枚USDT的市场价格跟一美元相差不多，这意味着经树荣买卖价值700万人民币的USDT才能挣到1—2万元人民币，投资收益率为：0.14%—0.28%。这完全符合数字货币买卖中间商的交易行情，没有出现明显高于或者低于市场价的行为。试想，如果是帮助他人犯罪，怎么会收取如此低廉的费用呢？其收益和风险完成不成正比！ We know that the vast majority of OTC traders buy and sell digital money (USDT) at a price difference of 1-2 cents, and that the market price of a USDT is similar to that of a dollar, which means that USDT worth 7 million yuan is bought and sold to earn between 1 and 20,000 yuan, and that the return on `strong' investment is 0.14% to 0.28%. is a perfect match for the transactions of digital money dealers, and there is no behaviour that is significantly higher or lower than market prices. 以上属于我的观点，通过沟通，一些公安机关及检察院都予以了一定程度上的认可。其实，究其根源，就是——“近年来，电信网络诈骗在我国日趋猖獗，给我国的受害人带来了无比巨大的财产损失”。 These are my points of view, which, through communication, have been endorsed to some extent by a number of public security organs and the Public Prosecutor's Office. In fact, the root cause of this is that, “in recent years, telecommunication network fraud has been on the rise in our country, causing enormous damage to our country's victims”. 真正搞电信诈骗的犯罪分子，全在中国境外，比如马来西亚、柬埔寨、缅甸等；另外，骗子也不仅仅是中国人，台湾人居多，而被骗的受害人基本全是中国境内居民！ The real telecommunication fraud is committed by criminals outside China, such as Malaysia, Cambodia, Myanmar, etc.; moreover, the liars are not only Chinese, they are more than Chinese, and the victims of the fraud are mostly Chinese residents! 这就导致了，我国警方难以侦查、难以取证，而骗子行骗所在国因为被骗受害人不是本国人，没有侵犯他们国家的利益，所以，骗子所在国的警方不愿意浪费他们国家的司法资源去抓骗子；同时，如果骗子是外国人，还涉及到国际管辖权的问题，即使骗子落网，他们的国家也不会轻易的将诈骗犯交给中国警方。于是间接导致了电信网络诈骗活动的日益猖獗！ This has led to difficulties for our police in detecting and obtaining evidence, and fraud by countries where victims are not nationals and do not violate the interests of their countries, the police in countries where liars are located are reluctant to waste their country’s judicial resources to catch liars; and, if liars are foreigners, international jurisdiction is also involved, and even if liars are caught up in the trap, their countries will not easily hand the fraudster over to the Chinese police. So, indirectly, the telecommunication network fraud is on the rise. 本文为《律动币圈》原创文章，转载请注明原始出处 is an original article in Law , reproduced with an indication of the original source 
注册有任何问题请添加 微信：MVIP619 拉你进入群
打开微信扫一扫
添加客服
进入交流群
发表评论