区块链基本概念、原理特点、应用场景等简单介绍

现在区块链技术可能带来互联网的二次革命，把互联网从“信息互联网”带向“价值互联网”。在区块链的对照之下，人们发现，最初被形象地称为“信息高速公路”的互联网处理的是“信息”，而区块链能处理的是“价值”。

Now block chain technology may lead to a second revolution in the Internet, bringing the Internet from the “information Internet” to the “value Internet”. In contrast to the block chain, it has been found that the Internet, originally portrayed as the “information superhighway”, deals with “information”, while the block chain deals with “value”.

变革即将发生，未来已来。我们又一次处于革命的起点——价值互联网的变革，而要理解价值互联网的未来，我们先要搞明白区块链技术是什么。

Change is coming, and the future is coming. Once again, we are at the beginning of a revolution — a change in the value of the Internet, and to understand the future of the value of the Internet, we need to figure out what block chain technology is.

要想对区块链有个大体的认识，可以从如下几个概念开始：

A general understanding of the block chain could begin with the following concepts:

• 交易（Transaction）：一次对账本的操作，导致账本状态的一次改变，如添加一条转账记录；

  transaction: an operation of a reconciliation that results in a change in the account's status, such as the addition of a transfer record;

• 区块（Block）：记录一段时间内发生的所有交易和状态结果等，是对当前账本状态的一次共识；

  Block (Block): Recording all transactions and status results over a period of time, etc., is a common understanding of the current account-book status;

• 链（Chain）：由区块按照发生顺序串联而成，是整个账本状态变化的日志记录。 如果把区块链系统作为一个状态机，则每次交易意味着一次状态改变；生成的区块，就是参与者对其中交易导致状态改变结果的共识。

  Chain (Chain): A log record of a change in the entire account state by block in order of occurrence. If a block chain system is used as a state machine, each transaction means a change of state; the resulting block is the participant's consensus on the result of the change of status of the transaction.

• 挖矿（Mining）指通过计算形成新的区块，是交易的支持者利用自身的计算机硬件为网络做数学计算进行交易确认和提高安全性的过程。以比特币为例：交易支持者（矿工）在电脑上运行比特币软件不断计算软件提供的复杂的密码学问题来保证交易的进行。作为对他们服务的奖励，矿工可以得到他们所确认的交易中包含的手续费，以及新创建的比特币。

  Mining refers to the process by which supporters of the transaction use their computer hardware for mathematical calculations of the network to confirm and enhance their security. In bitcoin, for example, trade supporters (miners) run the complex cryptography problems offered by Bitcoin's ongoing computing software on computers to ensure that the transaction takes place.

• 对等式网络（Peer-to-Peer Network）是指通过允许单个节点与其他节点直接交互，从而实现整个系统像有组织的集体一样运作的系统。以比特币为例：网络以这样一种方式构建——每个用户都在传播其他用户的交易。而且重要的是，不需要银行或其他金融机构作为第三方。

  Peer-to-Peer Network refers to a system that operates as an organized group by allowing individual nodes to interact directly with other nodes. By way of example, the network is structured in such a way that each user disseminates the transactions of other users. And, importantly, banks or other financial institutions are not required as third parties.

• 哈希散列(Hash)是密码学里的经典技术，把任意长度的字符串输入通过Hash算法，变换成固定长度的由字母和数字组成的输出。

  Hash is a classic cryptography technique that enters any string of length through the Hash algorithm and converts it into a fixed length output consisting of letters and numbers.

• 数字签名（Digital Signature）是一个让人可以证明其所有权的数学机制。

  Digital Signature is a mathematical mechanism that allows people to prove their ownership.

• 私钥（Private Key）是一个证明你有权从一个特定的钱包消费电子货币的保密数据块，是通过数字签名来实现的 。

  Private Key (Private Key) is a secret data block that demonstrates your right to consume electronic currency from a particular wallet and is done by digital signature.

• 双重消费指用户试图非法将电子货币同时支付给两个不同的收款人，是电子货币的最大风险之一。

  Dual consumption refers to an attempt by users to illegally pay electronic currencies to two different recipients at the same time, which is one of the greatest risks for electronic currencies.

区块链的目标是实现一个分布的数据记录账本，这个账本只允许添加、不允许删除。账本底层的基本结构是一个线性的链表。链表由一个个“区块”串联组成，后继区块中记录前导区块的哈希（Hash）值。某个区块（以及块里的交易）是否合法，可通过计算哈希值的方式进行快速检验。网络中节点可以提议添加一个新的区块，但必须经过共识机制来对区块达成确认。 下图是基于第三方机构的消费系统存在的问题，这也是比特币创立背景。 区块链技术是如何进行交易的呢？下面以比特币的交易流通过程进行描述区块链的原理。 区块链技术作为比特币的基础性技术，具有高度透明、去中心化、去信任、不可篡改、匿名等性质。这些性质体现了分布式自治的理念，逐渐受到拥有创新意识的金融机构的广泛关注。所谓DAC（Distributed Autonomous Corporation，分布式自治机构），就是通过一系列公开公正的规则，以无人干预和管理的情况下自主运行的组织机构。 这些规则往往会以开源软件的形式出现，每个人可以通过支付手段获得不定形式的回报，分享收益，参与系统的成长。比如，比特币、纳斯达克的新平台以及其他应用就是典型的DAC。

The goal of the block chain is to achieve a distributed data log book that allows only additions and non-removable deletions. The base structure of the account sheet is a linear chain table. The chain table consists of a chain of “blocks” in which the Hash values of the leading block are recorded. The legality of a block (as well as the transactions in the block) can be quickly tested by calculating Hashi values. The middle node of the network may propose the addition of a new block, but the confirmation of the block must be made through a consensus mechanism.

1.去中心化

1. Decentralization

去中心化是区块链最基本的特征，区块链不再依赖于中心化机构，实现了数据的分布式记录、存储和更新。所有在区块链网络里面的节点，都有记账权，都可以进行记账，这可以规避操作中心化的弊端。

Decentralization is the most basic feature of the block chain, which no longer relies on centralized institutions, and which enables the distribution, storage and updating of data.

在生活中,比如淘宝购物，实际你的钱是由支付宝这样的机构进行管理和储存。转账、消费时在我们的账户余额上做减法，收款时做加法。你的个人信息也都在支付宝的数据中，这些都是中心化的，都是围绕这第三方这个中心。

In life, such as shopping for treasures, your money is actually managed and stored by institutions like paying treasures. Transfers, consumption, deductions from our account balances, additions to receipts. Your personal information is also in the data on paying treasures, which are all centralized around this third-party center.

但如果支付宝的服务器受到损坏，被攻击导致数据丢失，那我们的记录就会被销毁，交易无法查询、在特殊时期，会被随时查封、冻结、无法交易、或者由于天灾导致数据销毁，你存在支付宝内的资金无法追回等。或者另一种常见的问题：个人信息的泄露。这就是中心化的缺点。

But if the server that paid for the treasure is damaged and the data are lost as a result of the attack, our records will be destroyed, the transaction will not be accessible, the transaction will be frozen at any time, the transaction will not be frozen, or the data will be destroyed as a result of a natural disaster, and there will be no recovery of the money in the payment treasure. Or another common problem: the disclosure of personal information. That is the disadvantage of centralization.

但由区块链技术支撑的交易模式则不同，买家卖家可以直接交易，无需通过任何第三方支付平台，同时也无须担心自己的其他信息泄漏。去中心化的处理方式就要更为简单和便捷，当中心化交易数据过多时，去中心化的处理方式还会节约很多资源，使整个交易自主简单化，并且排除了被中心化控制的风险。

But the pattern of transactions supported by block chain technology is different: buyers can deal directly, without having to pay through any third-party platform, and without fear of leaking their other information. Decentralization would be easier and easier, and when there is too much centralized transaction data, decentralization would save a lot of resources, simplify the entire transaction autonomously and eliminate the risk of centralization.

2.全球流通

2. Global circulation

区块链资产首先是基于互联网的，只要有互联网的地方，就可以进行区块链资产的转账流通。相较于中心化的方式，区块链资产在全球流通的转账手续费非常低，比如比特币早期转账手续费为0.0001BTC，相对于传统转账来说，区块链资产到账也非常快。一般几分钟到1小时就能到账。

Block chain assets are first and foremost Internet-based, and transfers of block chain assets can take place wherever the Internet is available. In contrast to centralization, block chain assets circulate around the world with very low transfer fees, such as 0.0001 BTC for Bitcoin’s early transfer, which is also fast to account for block chain assets as compared to traditional transfers.

3.匿名性 匿名性是比特币最基本的特性之一。区块链的匿名性是基于算法实现了以地址来寻址 ，而不是以个人身份信息进行交易流转。区块链的匿名性是指别人无法知道你的区块链资产有多少，和谁进行了转账等。这样，在区块链网络上只能查到转账记录，但不知道地址背后是谁，但是一旦知道这个地址背后对应的人是谁，也就能查到其所有相关的转账记录和资产。

Anonymity, anonymity, is one of the most fundamental features of Bitcoin. The anonymousness of the block chain is based on an algorithm to find an address instead of a personal information flow. The anonymousness of the block chain means that no one can know how many of your block chain assets are and who made the transfer.

4.公开透明

4. Transparency

区块链系统是公开透明的，除了交易各方的私有信息被加密外，数据对全网节点是透明的，即任何人或参与节点都可以通过公开的接口查询区块链数据记录或者开发相关的应用，这也是区块链系统值得信任的基础。区块链数据记录和运行规则可以被全网节点审查、追溯，具有很高的透明度。

Block chain systems are open and transparent, and in addition to the encryption of private information by the parties to the transaction, the data are transparent to the full web node, where anyone or participating node can search for block chain data records or develop related applications through open interfaces, which is the trusted basis of the block chain system. Block chain data recording and operating rules can be reviewed by the whole network node, traced back, and are highly transparent.

5.不可篡改

5. Irreversible

区块链系统的信息一旦经过验证并添加至区块链后，就会得到永久存储，无法更改(具备特殊更改需求的私有区块链等系统除外)。除非能够同时控制系统中超过51%的节点，否则单个节点上对数据库的修改是无效的，因此区块链的数据稳定性和可靠性极高。哈希算法的单向性是保证区块链网络实现不可篡改性的基础技术之一。

Once the information in the block chain system has been validated and added to the block chain, it is permanently stored and cannot be changed (except for systems such as the private block chain with special change needs). Unless more than 51 per cent of nodes in the system can be controlled simultaneously, changes to the database on a single node are not valid, and therefore the data stability and reliability of the block chain are extremely high. The one-way nature of the Hashi algorithm is one of the basic techniques for ensuring that the block chain network is not altered.

6.可追溯性

6. Retroactivity

它的机制是设定后面区块拥有前面区块的哈希值，就像挂钩一样，只有识别了前面的哈希值才能挂得上去，从而形成一整条完整可追溯的链。可追溯性还有一个好的的特点就是便于数据的查询，因为这个区块是有唯一标识的。比如说要在数据库里查询一条记录，有很多算法去分块来查找，而在区块链里面是以时间节点来定义找该时间段的区块再去寻址，这就更方便。

The mechanism is to establish that the back block has the Hashi value of the front block, which, like a link, can only be hung up if the previous Hashi value is identified, thus forming an entire chain of traceability. A good feature of traceability is to facilitate the search of data, because the block is uniquely marked. For example, to search for a record in a database, there are many algorithms to search for, and in the chain it is easier to identify and find the location of a block within that time period by defining a time node.

7.自治性

7. Autonomy

区块链采用基于协商一致的规范和协议（比如一套公开透明的算法）使得整个系统中的所有节点能够在去信任的环境自由安全的交换数据，使得对“人”的信任改成了对机器的信任，任何人为的干预不起作用。

The use of consensus-based norms and agreements in block chains (e.g. an open and transparent algorithm) allows all nodes of the system to exchange freely and secure data in a trusted environment, transforming trust in the “human person” into trust in the machine, and no one's intervention works.

Blockchain 共享帐簿技术实现了在分布式环境里多方参与的双边交易中的去中介化。共享帐簿全网记录， 可追溯，防篡改具有最终性。从而在保证安全的情况下，提高效率，降低成本。

Blockchain shared book technology has been de-mediated in bilateral transactions involving multiple players in a distributed environment. The shared book records are retraceable and anti-false changes are final.

区块链（Blockchain）是一种将数据区块有序连接，并以密码学方式保证其不可篡改、不可伪造的分布式账本（数据库）技术。通俗的说，区块链技术可以在无需第三方背书情况下实现系统中所有数据信息的公开透明、不可篡改、不可伪造、可追溯。区块链作为一种底层协议或技术方案可以有效地解决信任问题，实现价值的自由传递，在数字货币、金融资产的交易结算、数字政务、存证防伪数据服务等领域具有广阔前景。

Block chain (Blockchain) is a technology that provides for the orderly connection of data blocks and guarantees their immutable, non-falseable distribution books (databases) by cryptography. It is commonplace to say that block chain technology can make all data information in the system transparent, non-false, non-false, and retrospective without third-party endorsement. Block chain as a bottom-line agreement or technology programme can effectively resolve trust issues, achieve free transmission of value, and offer broad prospects in areas such as digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government, security against counterfeit data services.

1.数字货币

1. Digital currency

在经历了实物、贵金属、纸钞等形态之后，数字货币已经成为数字经济时代的发展方向。相比实体货币，数字货币具有易携带存储、低流通成本、使用便利、易于防伪和管理、打破地域限制，更好整合资源等特点。

After experiencing physical, precious metals, banknotes, etc., digital money has become the norm in the digital economy. Digital money has the characteristics of portable storage, low circulation costs, ease of use, ease of forgery and management, breaking geographical constraints, and better integration of resources than real currencies.

比特币技术上实现了无需第三方中转或仲裁，交易双方可以直接相互转账的电子现金系统。2019年6月互联网巨头Facebook发布了其加密货币天秤币（Libra）白皮书。无论是比特币还是Libra，其依托的底层技术正是区块链技术。

Bitcoin has technically achieved an electronic cash system that allows both parties to transfer directly to each other without third-party transit or arbitration. In June 2019, Facebook, an Internet giant, released its White Paper on the encrypt currency scale (Libra).

我国早在2014年就开始了央行数字货币的研制。我国的数字货币DC/EP采取双层运营体系：央行不直接向社会公众发放数字货币，而是由央行把数字货币兑付给各个商业银行或其他合法运营机构，再由这些机构兑换给社会公众供其使用。2019年8月初，央行召开下半年工作电视会议，会议要求加快推进国家法定数字货币研发步伐。 　　 2.金融资产交易结算

Our country began the development of central bank digital money as early as 2014. Our digital currency DC/EP operates on a two-tier basis: instead of issuing digital money directly to the public, the central bank issues digital money to commercial banks or other legitimate operators, which then convert it to the public for their use. In early August 2019, the central bank convened a working video conference for the second half of the year, which called for the acceleration of the pace of development and development of the country’s legal digital currency.

区块链技术天然具有金融属性，它正对金融业产生颠覆式变革。支付结算方面，在区块链分布式账本体系下，市场多个参与者共同维护并实时同步一份“总账”，短短几分钟内就可以完成现在两三天才能完成的支付、清算、结算任务，降低了跨行跨境交易的复杂性和成本。同时，区块链的底层加密技术保证了参与者无法篡改账本，确保交易记录透明安全，监管部门方便地追踪链上交易，快速定位高风险资金流向。

Block chain technology is naturally financial in nature, and it is creating a disruptive change in the financial sector. In the context of payment settlements, under the block chain distribution system, multiple participants in the market jointly maintain and synchronize in real time a “basket account” that can be completed in just a few minutes on payments, liquidations, and settlement tasks that are now two or three days away, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-border transactions.

证券发行交易方面，传统股票发行流程长、成本高、环节复杂，区块链技术能够弱化承销机构作用，帮助各方建立快速准确的信息交互共享通道，发行人通过智能合约自行办理发行，监管部门统一审查核对，投资者也可以绕过中介机构进行直接操作。数字票据和供应链金融方面，区块链技术可以有效解决中小企业融资难问题。目前的供应链金融很难惠及产业链上游的中小企业，因为他们跟核心企业往往没有直接贸易往来，金融机构难以评估其信用资质。基于区块链技术，可以建立一种联盟链网络，涵盖核心企业、上下游供应商、金融机构等，核心企业发放应收账款凭证给其供应商，票据数字化上链后可在供应商之间流转，每一级供应商可凭数字票据证明实现对应额度的融资。

In the case of securities issuance transactions, where traditional stock distribution processes are long, costly, complex, block-chain technologies can weaken the role of the underwriters, help parties to establish fast and accurate information-sharing channels, issuers do their own issuances through smart contracts, regulatory review checks, and investors can bypass intermediaries for direct operations. In the case of digital paper and supply chain finance, block-chain technologies can effectively address SME financing difficulties. Current supply chain finance is difficult to reach SMEs upstream of the industrial chain, as they often have no direct trade with core firms and financial institutions are difficult to assess their creditworthiness. Based on block-chain technology, a network of chains can be established that covers core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc., core firms issue receivables certificates to their suppliers, documents can move between suppliers after the digitalization of the chain, and each level of suppliers can demonstrate on the basis of digital instruments that finance the counterpart.

3.数字政务

3. Digital governance

区块链可以让数据跑起来，大大精简办事流程。区块链的分布式技术可以让政府部门集中到一个链上，所有办事流程交付智能合约，办事人只要在一个部门通过身份认证以及电子签章，智能合约就可以自动处理并流转，顺序完成后续所有审批和签章。

Block chains can allow data to run and significantly streamline workflows. Block chain distribution techniques can bring government departments together in a single chain, all processes deliver smart contracts, which are automatically processed and streamed by an office through identification and electronic signature, and all subsequent approvals and signatures are completed in sequence.

区块链发票是国内区块链技术最早落地的应用。税务部门推出区块链电子发票“税链”平台，税务部门、开票方、受票方通过独一无二的数字身份加入“税链”网络，真正实现“交易即开票”“开票即报销”——秒级开票、分钟级报销入账，大幅降低了税收征管成本，有效解决数据篡改、一票多报、偷税漏税等问题。

Block-chain invoices are the earliest applications of domestic block-chain technology. Tax authorities launch the block-chain electronic invoice “tax chain” platform, and tax authorities, tellers, and recipients join the “tax-chain” network through unique digital identities.

扶贫是区块链技术的另一个落地应用。利用区块链技术的公开透明、可溯源、不可篡改等特性，实现扶贫资金的透明使用、精准投放和高效管理。

Poverty alleviation is another field application of block-chain technology.

4.存证防伪

4. Witness protection against forgery

区块链可以通过哈希时间戳证明某个文件或者数字内容在特定时间的存在，加之其公开、不可篡改、可溯源等特性为司法鉴证、身份证明、产权保护、防伪溯源等提供了完美解决方案。

The block chain can prove the existence of a document or digital content at a given time by means of a Hashi time stamp, coupled with its public, non-manufacturing, traceability features, etc., provide a perfect solution for judicial identification, identification, property rights protection, protection against forgery, etc.

在知识产权领域，通过区块链技术的数字签名和链上存证可以对文字、图片、音频视频等进行确权，通过智能合约创建执行交易，让创作者重掌定价权，实时保全数据形成证据链，同时覆盖确权、交易和维权三大场景。在防伪溯源领域，通过供应链跟踪区块链技术可以被广泛应用于食品医药、农产品、酒类、奢侈品等各领域。

In the area of intellectual property, digital signatures and chain documentation through block chain technology can confirm rights to text, pictures, audio-visuals, etc., create and execute transactions through smart contracts, re-pricing creators, and preserve real-time data into evidence chains, while covering the three scenarios of surety, trading, and defending rights. In the area of anti-false traceability, tracking block chain technology through the supply chain can be widely applied in areas such as food medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, luxury goods, etc.

5.数据服务

5. Data services

区块链技术将大大优化现有的大数据应用，在数据流通和共享上发挥巨大作用。未来互联网、人工智能、物联网都将产生海量数据，现有中心化数据存储（计算模式）将面临巨大挑战，基于区块链技术的边缘存储（计算）有望成为未来解决方案。

Block chain technology will greatly optimize existing large data applications and play a significant role in data flow and sharing. In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and object networking will generate big data, and existing centralized data storage (calculation models) will face enormous challenges, and peripheral storage (calculation) based on block chain technology is expected to be a future solution.

再者，区块链对数据的不可篡改和可追溯机制保证了数据的真实性和高质量，这成为大数据、深度学习、人工智能等一切数据应用的基础。最后，区块链可以在保护数据隐私的前提下实现多方协作的数据计算，有望解决“数据垄断”和“数据孤岛”问题，实现数据流通价值。

Moreover, the inexorable and retraceable mechanisms of block chains for data guarantee the authenticity and quality of data, which form the basis for all data applications, such as big data, in-depth learning, and artificial intelligence. Finally, block chains can achieve multi-collateral data computing while protecting data privacy, and are expected to solve the problems of “data monopolies” and “data silos” and achieve data flow values.

针对当前的区块链发展阶段，为了满足一般商业用户区块链开发和应用需求，众多传统云服务商开始部署自己的BaaS（“区块链即服务”）解决方案。区块链与云计算的结合将有效降低企业区块链部署成本，推动区块链应用场景落地。未来区块链技术还会在慈善公益、保险、能源、物流、物联网等诸多领域发挥重要作用。

For the current block chain development stage, in order to meet the development and application needs of the general commercial user block chain, a number of traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS (“block chain, services”) solutions. The combination of block chains and cloud computing will effectively reduce the cost of deploying the business block chain and promote its application.

隐私和秘密都很重要：任何人的ID和行为模式，在blockchain的网络上都不应该被没有授权的人通过研究帐簿搞清楚。 任何在网络上的业务逻辑和交易参数也应该不能被除了保管方以外的其他人所访问。

Privacy and secrecy are important: no one’s ID and behavior patterns, and no one who is not authorized to do so on Blockchai’s network should be made clear by studying the books. Any business logic and transactional parameters on the network should also not be accessed by anyone other than the custodian.

1.JAVA开发语言（未来币）

1. JAVA development language (future currency)

定义:Java是一种面向对象的编程语言，不仅吸收了c++语言的优点，也抛弃了在c++、指针等概念中难以理解多重继承的困难，因此Java语言具有强大且易于使用的两个特性。作为静态面向对象编程语言的代表，Java语言完美地实现了面向对象的理论，允许程序员用优雅的思维方式进行复杂的编程。

Definition: Java is an object-oriented programming language that not only absorbs the virtues of the c++ language, but also abandons the difficulty of understanding multiple successions in concepts such as c++, guidelines, etc. The Java language has two strong and easy-to-use features. As a representative of the static object-to-programming language, the Java language is perfect for object-oriented theory, allowing programmers to do complex programming in an elegant way.

Java的特点是简单、面向对象、分布式、健壮、安全、平台独立性和可移植性、多线程和动态。Java可以编写桌面应用程序、Web应用程序、分布式系统和嵌入式系统应用程序。

Java is characterized by simplicity, object orientation, distribution, robustness, security, platform independence and portability, multilinery and dynamics. Java can prepare desktop applications, Web applications, distribution systems and embedded system applications.

2.C++开发语言（比特币、公正通、瑞波ripple）

2. C++ Language development (bitcoin, fair access, Ripoliple)

定义:c++是C语言的继承，它可以是C语言程序设计的过程，也可以是抽象的数据类型，作为基于对象的编程的特征，也可以承担面向对象编程的继承和多态性。c++擅长面向对象编程，它也可以执行基于流程的编程，所以c++是问题大小的大小。

Definition: c++ is the succession to C language, which can be a C-language program design process or an abstract data type, as a feature of object-based programming, and can also assume the succession and multi-morphivity of object-oriented programming. c++ is good at object-oriented programming. It can also perform process-based programming, so c++ is the size of the problem.

3.GO开发语言（以太坊、IBM）

3. GO development language (Ethio, IBM)

定义:Go是一种新的语言，并行的，垃圾收集，快速编译的语言。它具有以下特点:

Definition: Go is a new language, parallel, garbage collection, fast compilation. It has the following characteristics:

它可以在计算机上编译一个大的Go程序几秒钟。Go提供了一个软件构建模型，使依赖分析更容易，并且避免了大多数c风格的开始，包括文件和库。Go是一种静态类型的语言，它的类型系统没有层次结构。因此，用户不需要花时间在定义类型之间的关系上，这使得他们比典型的面向对象语言更轻量级。Go是一个完整的垃圾收集语言，为并发执行和通信提供基本支持。根据它的设计，为多核机器上的系统软件的构建提供了一种方法。

It can be compiled on a computer for a few seconds with a large Go program. Go provides a software construction model that makes it easier to rely on analysis and avoids the start of most c styles, including files and libraries. Go is a static type of language, with no hierarchy of its type. Therefore, users do not need to spend time defining relationships between types, making them lighter than typical object-oriented languages. Go is a complete waste collection language that provides basic support for implementation and communication.

Go是一种编译语言，它结合了解释语言的灵活性、动态类型语言的开发效率和静态类型的安全性。它还打算成为一种支持网络和多核计算的现代语言。为了实现这些目标，需要解决一些语言问题:一个具有表达性但轻量级的类型系统、并发和垃圾收集机制、严格的依赖规则等等。这些不能通过库或工具来解决，所以创建。

Go is a compilation language that combines the flexibility to interpret languages, the efficiency of development of dynamic-type languages and the security of static-type types. It is also intended to be a modern language that supports networks and multi-nuclear calculations. To achieve these objectives, there are linguistic problems that need to be addressed: an expressive but light-weight type system, mechanisms for simultaneous distribution and garbage collection, strict rules of dependence, etc., which cannot be addressed through a library or tools, so they are created.

4.Solidity开发语言（以太坊）

4. Solidity Development Language (Etheria)

定义:Solidity是在Ethereum虚拟机(EVM)上运行的智能契约的高级语言。它的语法接近于Javascript，是一种面向对象的语言。但是当涉及到把网络作为一个真正的东西的时候，这是非常不同的。

Definition: Solidity is the advanced language of the intellectual contract running on the Etheum Virtual Machine (EVM). Its syntax is close to Javascript, a target-oriented language. But it is very different when it comes to using the network as a real thing.

5.2 开发框架

5.2 Development framework

开发区块链都用什么框架？以适应不同场景的需求为目标，区块链应用在实际使用过程中向来会需要进行多次修改，来满足特定业务的需求，于是用于定制专用区块链系统的架构就出现了，采用这些框架能够便捷地定制出适用于企业自身业务需求的区块链系统。

What are the frameworks for the development of block chains? Targeting to accommodate the needs of different scenarios, the use of block chains has always required multiple modifications in their actual use to meet the needs of specific operations, and the architecture used to customize the dedicated block chain systems has emerged, so that they can easily customize the block chain systems applicable to the business needs of the enterprise itself.

1.比特币架构

1. Bitcoin architecture

比特币（Bitcoin）身为区块链的始祖，在区块链的大家族中具备举重若轻的影响力。其有如下特点：

Bitcoin, the first of the block chain, has a significant influence in the extended family of the block chain. It is characterized by the following:

无需中央机构就能够发售货币； 无需中介机构就能够支付； 维持用户匿名； 交易无法被撤销。

A central agency is not required to be able to sell money; An intermediary is not required to be able to pay; A user's anonymity is maintained; A transaction cannot be avoided.

2.以太坊架构

2. The Ether-Team Architecture

以太坊（Ethereum）的目标是提供一个带有图灵完备语言的区块链，用这种语言能够创建合约来编写任意状态转换功能。用户只要简单地用几行代码来实现逻辑，就能够创建一个基于区块链的应用程序，并应用于货币以外的场景。以太坊在比特币的功能之外，还有下列几个设计目标：

The goal of Etheeum is to provide a chain of blocks with a strong Turing language in which a contract can be created to create an arbitrary conversion function. By simply using a few lines of code to achieve logic, users can create an application based on a block chain and apply it to scenarios other than the currency. In addition to its function in Bitcoin, there are several design objectives:

图灵完备的合约语言； 内置的持久化状态存储。

A fully-fledged contract language for Turing; built-in permanent state storage.

3.Fabric架构

3. Fabric architecture

Fabric是由IBM和DAH主导开发的一个区块链框架，是超级帐本的项目成员之一。它的功能与以太坊相似，也是一个分布式的智能合约平台。但与以太坊和比特币不同的是，它从一开始就是一个框架，而不是一个公有链，也没有内置的代币（Token）。

Fabric is a block chain framework, developed by IBM and DAH, and is one of the project members of the super-accounts. It functions like Ether and is a distributed smart contract platform. Unlike Ether and Bitcoin, however, it has been a framework from the beginning, not a public chain, and has no built-in token (Token).

身为一个区块链框架，Fabric采用了松耦合的设计，将共识机制、身份验证等组件模块化，使之在应用过程中能够方便地根据应用场景来选择相应的模块。除此之外，Fabric还采用了容器技术，将智能合约代码（Chaincode）放在Docker中运行，从而使智能合约能够用几乎任意的高级语言来编写。

As a block chain framework, Fabric uses a pine-coupled design that modularizes components such as consensus mechanisms, identification, etc., so that it can easily select the appropriate modules according to the application scenario. In addition, Fabric uses container technology to run the smart contract code (Chaincode) in Docker, allowing smart contracts to be written in almost any advanced language.

下列是Fabric的一些设计目标： 模块化设计、组件可替换； 运行于Docker的智能合约；

The following are some of Fabric's design objectives: Modular design, replacement of components; intelligent contracts running on Docker;

4.Onchain DNA架构

4. Onchain DNA structure

Onchain DNA（Onchain Distributed Networks Architecture），能够同时支持公有链、联盟链、私有链等不同应用类型和场景，并快速与业务系统集成。

The Onchain DNA (Onchaid Networks Agency) is capable of simultaneously supporting different application types and scenarios, such as public chains, union chains, private chains and fast integration with business systems.

Onchain DNA的设计目标关键有下列几点： 多种数字资产的底层支持； 图灵完备的智能合约和持久化状态； 跨链互操作性； 交易的最终性。

The design objectives of Onchain DNA are key to the following: Bottom support for multiple digital assets; a fully-fledged intellectual contract and sustainability state; interoperability across chains; and finality of the transaction.

5.Corda架构

5. Corda architecture

Corda由Java和Kotlin开发，并在其各项功能中充分依赖于Java，比如智能合约、数据访问接口等。Corda的设计目标关键是： 没有全局账本； 由公证人（Notaries）来解决交易的多重支付问题； 只有交易的参与者和公证人才能看到交易。 为此Corda的所有交易都不会向全网进行广播，而且所有的节点都是直接通信，没有P2P网络。这一点导致了其网络规模会被限制在一个较小的规模内，无法形成大规模的联盟链，适用的业务场景比较狭窄。

Corda was developed by Java and Kotlin, and relied fully on Java in its functions, such as smart contracts, data access interfaces, etc. The key design objectives of Corda are: there is no global ledger; Notaries solve multiple payments of transactions; only participants and notaries can see transactions.

区块链技术的业务价值在于提高流程透明度、数据可信度、降本增效。

The operational value of block chain technology lies in increased process transparency, data credibility and reduced efficiency gains.