无论是近来赚足眼球的EOS，还是被认为价值遭低估的AE，又或是上线便跻身市值前二十的Cardano；这些平台型公链主网Q2的陆续上线，皆预示着2018下半年公链大战的爆发。
Whether EOS, which recently earned the eye, or AE, which is considered to be undervalued, or Cardano, which has reached the top 20 market value points, these platform-based public-chain main network Q2 has been on the line, heralding the outbreak of the public-chain war in the second half of 2018.
自2014年以太坊诞生以来，领域内出现不少可孵化及搭建Dapp的通用型底层区块链平台；截自目前为止，已经有超过50个相关币种的出现。不过就像智能手机市场的iOS和Android一样，以太坊占据着Dapp数量的绝对优势；单是DappRadar上跟踪的应用程序就达571个，是第二大平台型公链——NEO所记录Dapp数的11.6倍。
Since its inception in 2014, there have been a number of incubating and building dapp’s universal bottom-block chain platforms; to date, more than 50 related currencies have emerged. But, like the iOS and Android market for smartphones, Taipa has an absolute Dapp advantage; 571 applications have been tracked on DappRadar alone, the second platform’s public chain & mdash; & mdash; NEO records 11.6 times the number of Dapps.
大量Dapp的孵化需要开发者基础及成熟的开发工具。据区块链软件公司ConsenSys的不完全统计，当前活跃在以太坊网络的开发人员多达25万名，其Truffle开发框架2017年10月单月下载量超20万次。另外，目前着眼于区块链应用的各国政府及企业机构也倾向于使用以太坊技术——巴西、智利、加拿大、迪拜等国家已先后宣布使用以太坊技术完善其基础设施；微软、BP、CME等五百多个企业或机构则加入EEA（企业以太坊联盟），希望从以太坊生态中获益。
According to incomplete statistics from the block chain software company ConsenSys, there are currently up to 250,000 developers active in the Etherm network, and its Truffle development framework was downloaded more than 200,000 times a month in a single month in October 2017. Moreover, governments and business institutions currently focusing on block chain applications also tend to use Ether technology & mdash; & mdash; Brazil, Chile, Canada, and Dubai have announced successively the use of Etherm technology to improve their infrastructure; and more than 500 enterprises or institutions, such as Microsoft, BP, CME, have joined the EEA, which hopes to benefit from the Ethermology.
随着开发及参与者的增多，现如今全球六大洲有近17000个以太坊节点在运行，使其成为现存区块链中最分散的平台。顶着这些光环，以太坊在平台型公链内占据着主导地位。不过随着未来Dapp数量及活跃用户人数的持续增加，以太坊网络当前30 TPS的交易处理速度难以承载正常的使用需求。彼时因交易拥堵而上涨的手续费，也会给应用程序的商业化落地带来巨大阻碍。
With the growth of development and participation, there are now nearly 17,000 e-Taiwan nodes operating on six continents around the world, making them the most dispersed platform in the existing block chain. With these rings, the e-Taiwan dominates the platform’s public chain.
虽说分片技术、Plasma项目等扩容方案已经在路上；但是扩容一旦失败，哪怕是启动进程拖得太久（在过去12月里以太坊Github代码提交次数少于1000，活跃度排名仅为76），这位公链霸主都有可能被后来者赶上甚至是反超；尤其是平台型区块链项目竞争愈发激烈的2018年。
Although expansion programmes such as fragmentation technology, Plasma, etc., are on the way; if expansion fails, even if the start-up process has been too long (less than 1,000 submissions with the Taiku Github code in the past December, with only 76 active), this public chain master may have been caught up or even exceeded by later actors; especially in 2018, when the platform-type block chain project became more competitive.
哈希菌通过调研和筛选过滤的方式将一些值得大家去关注的平台型区块链项目挑选了出来，并分成了三大类型，在阅读之前，可先通过下面的目录图简单了解。
Hashib was selected by means of research and screening filters for platform-type block chain projects of interest and divided into three main categories, which can be found briefly in the table of contents below before reading them.
1.以太坊光环下成长起来的老前辈?
1. An old man growing up in a talisman?
在2017年以前推出并且已经上线主网的公链平台里，鲜有公链项目能与以太坊一争高下。不过从落地应用情况来看，依然有几个项目在网络接入Dapp上分割了以太坊的部分市场，分别是NEO、QTUM、Achain，这几个项目在技术上的创新对标了以太坊存在的缺陷，但在落地应用时，也都分别产生了一些新的问题。
In public-chain platforms launched by 2017 and already on the Internet, few public-chain projects compete with Ether. However, there are still several projects that divide the market of Ether on web access to Dapp, namely NEO, QTUM, Achain, which are technologically innovative to mark the shortcomings of Ether, but where they are applied, new problems arise.
NEO：生态布局逐渐形成，中心化问题惹争议
NEO被加密货币社区成员昵称为“中国版以太坊”；是国内首个开源区块链项目。从NEO当前已形成的生态及市值排名来看，它与以太坊同属于平台型公链的第一梯队。截至目前为止，接入NEO网络的Dapp应用超过50款，而与它实现兼容的底层区块链项目Ontology（ONT）以及Elastos（ELA），自推出以来也受到市场不少的关注。
NEO is known by members of the encrypted monetary community as & ldquo; the Chinese version of the & rdquo; and the first open-source block chain project in the country. In terms of its current ecological and market value ranking, NEO is the first team in the platform-type public chain with Etai. To date, Dapp, which has access to the NEO network, has applied more than 50 applications, while the bottom-line block chain projects compatible with it, Ontologi (ONT) and Elastos (ELA), have also received considerable market interest since its launch.
与以太坊相同，NEO拥有自己的通用型虚拟机NeoVM，让开发者可以使用C#、Java等主流编程语言创建适用于某一特定场景的应用程序；而底层网络的低耦合设计，则更进一步，让NeoVM可被移植到任意区块链甚至是非区块链系统中使用。不过NEO较以太坊这类匿名性项目接地气，它引用了基于PKI X.509标准的数字身份验证体系，为此更容易获得现有法律及政府的许可。
As with Etheria, NEO has its own generic virtual machine NeoVM, which allows developers to create applications suitable for a given scenario using mainstream programming languages such as C#, Java, etc. The low-coupling design of the bottom network goes further, allowing NeoVM to be transplanted into any block chain or even non-block chain system. But NEO is more adept at anonymous projects such as Taipan, citing a digital identification system based on the PKI X.509 standard, which is easier to obtain permission from existing laws and governments.
另外，为了提高区块链网络的安全性及延展性，NEO还提出了抗量子密码学机制NeoQS、跨链互操作协议NeoX以及分布式储存协议NeoFS。而单从表面数据来看，NEO的交易处理速度比以太坊要快，吞吐量达1000 TPS，理论上适量优化还能提高至10000 TPS；不过这是一定程度上牺牲去中心化换来的结果。
In addition, in order to improve the security and extension of the block chain network, NEO has proposed a counterweight neoQS, a trans-chain interoperability protocol NeoX, and a distributed storage protocol, NeoFS. On the surface alone, NEO deals more quickly than Etheria, with a volume of 1,000 TPS, and theoretically adequate optimization can increase to 10,000 TPS; but this is the result of a degree of sacrifice to centralization.
NEO采用的共识机制（dBFT机制）与DPoS类似，都是通过选举投票产生记账节点进行协作记账。不同的是，NEO区块链上有两种资产，NEO及被动获取的GAS；拥有一定数量GAS的用户可提名自己成为Bookkeeper，并由NEO持有者投票选举出记账节点。虽然投票随时进行，记账节点也非固定任期；但是中心化问题依然存在，尤其是当前仅拥有七个记账节点的初期发展阶段——今年年初，NEO网络曾因单节点故障而出现长达两小时的阻滞。
The consensus mechanism (dBFT) used by NEO, similar to the DPOS, is a collaborative recording of accounts generated by voting. Unlike NEO block chains, there are two types of assets, NEO and passively acquired GAS; users with a certain number of GASs can nominate themselves as Bookkeeper, and NEO-holders vote for account entry nodes. Although voting is conducted at any time, the account node is not a fixed term; the centralization problem remains, especially the initial development phase, which currently has only seven account nodes & mdash; & mdash; early this year, the NEO network experienced a two-hour delay due to a single node failure.
QTUM：兼容BTC和ETH，是创新还是老一套
量子链是全球首个兼容UTXO模型的PoS区块链，去年3月被提出，同年9月主网上线，上月还发布了自主研发的x86虚拟机；截至目前为止已经有超过20个Dapp接入网路，基于QTUM发起的ICO项目也有十几个。
The Quantum Chain, the first global PoS block chain compatible with the UTXO model, was proposed in March last year, the main web line in September of the same year, and an autonomous X86 virtual machine was released last month; to date, more than 20 Dapps have been connected to the network and more than a dozen ICO projects based on QTUM have been launched.
从某种意义上来说，量子链就是更为注重用户资产安全及货币支付层稳定的以太坊。它对EVM（以太坊虚拟机）完全兼容，支持以太坊上所有的智能合约；在此基础上加入新设计的账户抽象层，从而实现对无状态UTXO模型的整合。这种基础模型的使用，可为网络带来松耦合和一定的并发能力，同时继承比特币网络的稳定及安全属性。
In a sense, the quantum chain is a greater focus on user asset security and the stability of the monetary payment layer. It is fully compatible with the EVM, which supports all the smart contracts in the Etherm; on this basis, the newly designed account abstract layer is added, which allows for the integration of the statusless UTXO model. The use of this basic model can provide the network with loose coupling and certain co-development capabilities, while at the same time inheriting the stability and security attributes of the Bitcoin network.
在共识协议方面，量子链采用了微调版PoS机制，即在传统PoS协议上添加激励机制，对在线时间长的节点设置更高利息，鼓励更多的节点参与记账。据官网显示，目前QTUM网络已经有分散在全球七十多个地区超过7300个节点，达比特币网络节点数的75%。为了营造去中心化网络，量子链还提出了分布式自治协议（DGP），让网络节点在达成一定阈值的共识情况下，随时按需调整区块链参数。
In terms of consensus agreements, the quantum chain uses a fine-tuned PoS mechanism, which adds incentives to the traditional PoS protocol, increases interest on long online nodes and encourages more nodes to participate in bookkeeping. According to the network, the QTUM network now has more than 7,300 nodes in more than seventy regions of the world, 75% of the number of bitcoin nodes. In order to create decentralized networks, the quantum nodes have also introduced distributed self-government agreements (DGPs), allowing network nodes to adjust block chain parameters whenever they need to do so in the event that there is a consensus on a certain threshold.
不过比特币及以太坊所面临的扩容问题，量子链也需要面对。虽然项目创始人认为，牺牲网络去中心化程度以追求高TPS会让区块链失去原本的意义，但是每秒交易速度不足百笔所带来的局限性确实很大，为此量子链计划采用闪电网络来提升网络吞吐量。以太坊的虚拟机、比特币的UTXO模型和扩容方案，这些技术的整合在某种程度上确实能提高网络的安全性和去中心化程度，但本质来讲并没有太多的技术创新，寻得突破的可能性较小。
But the enlargement problems faced by Bitcoin and the Etheria also need to be addressed. While the project’s founders believe that the ability to centralize the network at the expense of the high TPS would deprive the block chain of its original meaning, the limitations of less than 100 transactions per second are substantial, and therefore the quantum chain plans to use lightning networks to boost network vomiting. The integration of these technologies does, to some extent, improve the safety and decentralization of the network, but in essence there is not much technological innovation and less likely to break through.
Achain：智能合约沙盒也要执行多链并行?
Achain: Smart contract sandboxes also perform multi-chain parallels?
Achain项目的特点之一是提出了智能合约沙盒机制，让开发者发布合约之前能够在沙盒中进行全路径自动化测试，从而减低试错成本及开发周期。它的主网上线时间和量子链相近，但网络接入的Dapp数比后者少，仅有十余个。
One of the features of the Achain project is the introduction of a smart contract sandbox mechanism that allows developers to automate the entire path in the sandbox before the contract is issued, thereby reducing the cost of test error and the development cycle. Its main web line time and quantum chain are close, but the number of Dapps connected to the network is less than ten.
根据发展路线图的设定，Achain第一阶段“奇点”的着重点是构建智能合约网络。试图提高网络的交易处理速度，Achain区块链使用了与DPoS类似的弱中心化共识机制RDPoS，理论上交易处理能力可达1000 TPS；而游戏设计领域常用语言Lua的采用、BaaS平台的搭建、模块化虚拟机LVM的开发以及事件通知机制的提出，则是为降低开发者门槛、提升底层性能而服务。
According to the development road map, Achain Phase I & ldquo; Wonders & rdquo; focuses on the construction of a network of smart contracts. In an attempt to increase the speed of the network’s transaction processing, the Achain block chain uses a weak centralised consensus mechanism similar to the DPOS, RDPoS, which in theory has a capacity of up to 1,000 TPS; while Lua, a commonly used language in game design, the construction of the BaaS platform, the development of a modular virtual LVM, and the introduction of an event notification mechanism, serve to lower the developers’ threshold and enhance bottom performance.
在构建智能合约生态之余，Achain还帮助其他项目团队发布了六条单独的区块链，并计划在发展的第二、第三阶段，利用VEP（价值互换协议）技术实现链与链之间的交互。跨链网关的建立，可以形成一个以Achain为主链，通过VEP互相连接的多分叉平行生态网络；提高网络交易吞吐量的同时，还可拓宽Achain的应用范围。
In addition to building smart contract ecology, Achain also helped other project teams to issue six separate block chains, and plans to develop phase II and III to interact between chains using VEP (value swap agreements) technology. The establishment of cross-chain gateways could form a multi-college ecological network with Achain as its main link, connecting through VEP; and, while increasing the volume of network transactions, it could also broaden the application of Achain.
不过功能越繁多的智能合约逻辑就越复杂，安全漏洞的出现也就越容易。在Achain代码库过去12月里更新频次不到1000的情况下，如此复杂的设定能否实现或安全，还有待考究。
But the more complex the intelligent contract logic is, the easier it is to create a security gap. In the case of the Achain code library, which has been updated less than 1,000 times over the past 12 months, it remains to be seen whether such a complex set can be realized or secure.
在主网已经上线的平台型区块链中，除了以太坊、NEO、量子链这些已经开发自己的虚拟机，并致力于构建智能合约生态的底层区块链之外，还有其他着重点各异的特色项目。比如首个Python语言的平台Bismuth、旨在实现原子交换Ark、基于侧链构架的Asch等等；其中Lisk的代码提交频次最高。
Among the platform blocks that are already online on the main network, in addition to the virtual machines that have developed themselves, NEO, Quantum Chains, and are dedicated to building the bottom block chain of the smart contract ecology, there are other distinctive features. For example, the platform Bismuth in the first Python language, Ark for atomic exchange, Asch based on the side chain structure, etc., of which Lisk has the highest number of submitted codes.
Lisk：完全基于JavaScript的平台，让人期待又担心?
Lisk: A platform based entirely on JavaScript, which gives rise to expectations and worries?
Lisk项目的核心目标是创建一个完整的Dapp即插即用系统；它对主流编程语言JavaScript的完全支持以及在区块链上开发的Dapp应用商店，为开发者提供从设计、开发到发布及货币化的所有步骤。
The core objective of the Lisk project is to create a complete Dapp-i-plug-in system; its full support for the mainstream programming language JavaScript and the Dapp application shop developed on the block chain provide developers with all steps from design, development to publication and monetization.
而扩容问题方面，Lisk采用了侧链框架来提升网络的可扩展性。如上图，接入侧链依附于主区块链之上，各自运行着自己支持的Dapp；只有涉及跨侧链交易时才会经过主链，理论上这种模型之下能够提高网络匿名性、容错性和并发性。
In the case of expansion, Lisk uses a side-chain framework to enhance network scalability. As shown above, the access chain is attached to the main block chain, each running its own Dapp; it only passes through the main chain if it involves cross-side chain transactions, which in theory enhances network anonymity, fault tolerance and co-existence.
过去12月里，Lisk在Github代码库内更新频繁，位列榜单第四（数据源自：Cryptomiso）；期间发布更为友好的用户交互界面及Lisk Core 1.0测试网络。不过应用链的发展进程依旧缓慢，比它晚上线且号称“中国版Lisk”的阿希币已有Dapp接入，然而Lisk的正式软件开发工具以及编程接口目前还未发布。据了解，早前EOS创始人BM还曾质疑Lisk道，建立完全基于JavaScript驱动的区块链概念和智能合约平台不可否认是创新项目，但实现起来非常复杂，需要耗费极大的时间及成本。
In the past December, Lisk has been frequently updated in the Github coding library and has been ranked fourth in the list (data derived from: Cryptomiso); a more friendly user interface and Lisk Core 1.0 testing network has been published during the period. However, the development of the application chain is still slow, compared to its late-night line and known as & ldquo; the Chinese version of Lisk” and the Acico has Dapp access, yet Lisk’s official software development tool and programming interface are not yet available. It is understood that the early EOS founder BM also questioned the Lisk Road and that the creation of a sector chain concept and smart contract platform, driven exclusively by JavaScript, is an undeniable innovation project, but it is very complex and costly to achieve.
Ardor：2017涨幅榜排名前三的未来币2.0
Ardor: 2017 top three in the list of future coins 2.0
比特币诞生之初，领域内涌现出一堆直接将BTC源代码拿来单纯改改币量、哈希机制、区块间隔等等无关痛痒参数的数字货币。在抄袭风潮盛行之时，2013年推出的未来币堪称币圈清流，是首个不基于比特币代码库的数字货币；而Ardor则是Nxt团队两年后发布的未来币2.0版本。
In the early days of Bitcoin’s birth, there was a proliferation of digital currencies that simply changed the BTC source code to simple currency changes, the Hashi regime, block spacing, and so on. At the time of the boom, the future currency, launched in 2013, was the first digital currency that was not based on the Bitcoin code bank; and Ardor was the version of the future currency 2.0 released by the Nxt team two years later.
数据源自：Coinmarketcap
Source: Coinmarkcap
Ardor本身继承了未来币当前的所有功能，股权证明、PoS锻造、去中心化投票等等，另外在此基础上添加新技术以构建可扩展的、专为Dapp广泛应用而设计的平台。从本质来看，Ardor采用的父链-子链结构和Lisk侧链构架的扩容方式相似，皆以分层并发概念为基础；不同的是，Ardor网络上每个节点都能验证子链交易，从安全性来讲比每个侧链都必须有自己一组维护节点的Lisk更高。
Ardor itself inherited all of the current functions of the future currency, equity certification, PoS exercise, decentralised voting, etc., and added new technologies to build an expanded platform specifically designed for the wider application of Dapp. By its very nature, Ardor uses similar ways of extending the parent-subchain structure and the Lisk side chain structure, which are based on the concept of stratification; differently, each node on the Ardor network can validate a subchain transaction, and it is more secure than each node that requires its own set of Lisks to maintain the node.
只是Ardor团队有着较为浓厚的Java程序员氛围，不管从项目的品牌设计还是代码开放程度等来看，都有靠近企业级应用的倾向。比起底层公有链建立智能合约生态的发展路线，Ardor更贴近Hyperledger这类联盟链的设定。
It is just that the Ardor team has a strong Java programmer atmosphere, with a tendency to move closer to business-level applications, both in terms of project brand design and code openness. Ardor is closer to the setup of alliances such as Hyperledger than the bottom-line public-contracted ecologic development route.
2.箭在弦上，主网蓄势待发的熟面孔
孵化Dapp的公链赛场，就像电脑或者说手机操作系统领域，头部效应明显，老大哥以太坊占据着市场的绝对份额。当然领域发展初期的变数难以预计，未来局面是否会打破，还要看谁能在商业落地战中抢到先机。
Incubating Dapp’s public-chain playing field, like computer or mobile systems, has a clear head effect, with Big Brother Ether taking an absolute share of the market. Of course, it is hard to predict whether the changes in the early stages of development will break down in the future, and who will take the lead in a business landing.
而主网近期才上线或者准备推出的底层区块链项目中，率先在社区成员内博得关注的是，“币圈网红”EOS、原以太坊团队构建的Cardano。
While the main network has only recently come online or is about to launch a bottom-block chain project, among the members of the community, it is concerned about & & & & & rdquao; EOS, Cardano, originally built by the Taiye team.
EOS：含着金汤匙出生的霸屏项目?
EOS: A screen project with golden spoons?
不用哈希菌多做介绍，2018年凭借节点竞选赚足眼球的EOS相信大家或有耳闻。在EOS主网还未上线之前，它的Dapp生态就已经先行一步开始构建，目前在EOS生态圈中推出的应用已经超过二十个，据EOS index显示当前在开发以及公测的待上线项目也拥有数十个。
The EOS, which won novots in 2018, does not have to do with Hacillus. Before the EOS main network is online, its Dapp ecology has already begun to be built, more than 20 applications have been introduced in the EOS biosphere, and, according to EOS index, there are currently dozens of online projects under development and public scrutiny.
引起EOS火爆关注的原因除了BM自带的光环效应之外，还有就是项目主打的并行式概念以及免交易手续费机制。剔除其他区块链产品为防止DDOS攻击而设计的矿工费用，EOS采用石墨烯框架来加快交易处理速度；并承诺通过并行式处理等技术上的改进将其TPS扩展至百万级别。
In addition to the photoring effect of the BM itself, the cause of concern is the parallel concept of the project’s main project, as well as the free-trading fee-free mechanism. The EOS uses the graphite framework to speed up the processing of the transaction and is committed to extending its TPS to millions through technological improvements such as parallel processing.
免除交易手续费在吸引用户之余，还能减轻Dapp开发者的负担。因为他们写代码的时候，不需要像开发以太坊应用一样，每写一段先得考虑是否会消耗Gas值。然而区块链世界里去中心化、安全性以及可扩展性三大属性是无法兼具的，EOS高TPS追求之下，去中心化程度相应的大打折扣；针对其DPoS共识机制以及社区去中心化民主管理方式的质疑声也越来越大。而抛开这些争议的对错不说，EOS的技术发展进程确实磕磕碰碰，不是测试网络TPS效果不如预期，就是主网上线后出现的网络冻结等问题。
Freeing transaction fees from user attraction would also ease the burden on Dapp developers. When they write codes, they do not need to consider whether to consume Gas values at first hand, as in the case of the development of e-Team applications. However, decentralize, secure, and scalable attributes in the block chain world cannot be used. EOS high TPS pursues, with a corresponding discount on decentralization; and there are growing questions about its DPoS consensus mechanism and community-to-community democratic management.
Cardano：团队充满学院气息的多层架构区块链?
同样抓住以太坊等区块链项目使用Gas交易费机制消耗成本和资源太多这一点，Cardano提出了分层区块链构架，将网络分为类似于比特币等数字货币交易的结算层（CSL）以及可运行智能合约的计算层（CCL）。两个相对独立的网络层，理论上可以按照各自所需要实现的功能进行升级维护。
Similarly, to capture the fact that the use of the Gas transaction fee mechanism for block chains such as the Etherton project consumes too much costs and resources, Cardano proposes a stratified block chain structure that divides the network into settlement layers (CSLs) similar to digital currency transactions such as Bitcoins and computing layers (CCLs) for operational smart contracts. Two relatively independent layers of the network can theoretically be upgraded and maintained according to the functions that each needs to achieve.
而似乎是受其背后公司IOHK（为学术机构、企业及政府开发区块链解决方案的工程公司）的影响，Cardano使用的编程语言Haskell对专业性要求较高；另外与量子链相似，Cardano亦主张拥抱监管并引入数字身份验证功能。而Cardano的分层构架设计，则能在计算层引入验证功能解决法规监管需要的同时，一定程度上保持网络的匿名性。
And, like the quantum chain, Cardano advocates to embrace regulation and introduce digital identification functions. Cardano’s stratification is designed to maintain, to some extent, the anonymity of the network while introducing a layer of validation to address regulatory requirements.
从GitHub代码库维护情况看来，Cardano项目的代码提交频次颇高且更新稳定。不过从2017年推出至今，Cardano的研发进度依旧停留在结算层。虽说发展第二阶段Shelley月底开始测试，共识协议Ouroboros的开发也接近完成，但是网络整体完成预计要拖到2020年；在竞争愈发激烈的当下这个开发进度稍显漫长。
However, since its launch in 2017, Cardano’s R & D progress has remained on the settlement level. Although the second phase of development was tested by Shelley at the end of the month, the development of the consensus agreement, Ouroboros, is nearing completion, but the overall completion of the network is expected to be delayed until 2020; this development is taking a long time at a time of increasing competition.
不管怎样，这些抢先博得关注的项目始终具有优势；在拥有一定用户的基础之上，只要技术有所突破或者说概念基础设施构建完成，使用者很有可能在短时间内快速上涨。
In any case, these precipitous projects have always had an advantage; on the basis of having a certain number of users, users are likely to grow rapidly in a short period of time as long as the technological breakthrough or conceptual infrastructure is completed.
而相较之下，其他主网即将或者说近期已上线的项目受关注程度远不及这些明星项目；但也有不少默默成长起来的，比如市值排名相对靠前的Aeternity。
By contrast, other major networks are about to become, or have recently been, more active than these star projects; but there are others that have grown silently, such as Aeternity, which has a relatively high market value ranking.
Aeternity：团队矛盾颇多的另一种分层构架区块链?
Aeternity: Another layered block chain with a lot of team contradictions?
被称为“欧洲版ETH”的Aeternity成长之路较为坎坷，经历了几任技术官出走之后，团队在德裔计算机科学家“以太坊教父”Yanislav Malahov的带领下，使用erlang语言彻底重写了核心代码，并于本月推出平台主网。
Called “ the European version of ETH” Aiteernity's path to growth is relatively bumpy, and after several departures of technical officers, the team was led by German computer scientist & & ldquo; Etherno godfather & & rdquo; Yanislav Malahov, led by the erlang language, completely rewrites the core code and launch the platform's main network this month.
从某种意义上来说，Aeternity也是一种分层构架的区块链，不过它的分层方式更像是“以太坊区块链+雷电网络2.0”。作为以太坊的扩容方案之一，雷电网络和闪电网络只负责解决支付问题，主要是提高网络的交易吞吐量；而Aeternity采用的图灵完备状态通道（State Channel）把智能合约也纳入其中，让所有的通道可以各自独立、平行运作。
In a sense, Aeternity is also a layered chain of blocks, although it is more like &ldquao; it uses the Taiwan block chain + thunder network 2.0&rdquao; and it is one of the solutions to the problem of payments that thunder and lightning networks are only responsible for, inter alia, increasing the amount of traffic through the network; and the State Channel, which is used by Aeternity, includes smart contracts that allow all corridors to operate independently and in parallel.
结合这些特点，Aeternity提出的预言机系统将能进行大规模的链外数据采信，比以太坊及量子链生态中预言机项目容量及处理速度要高。不过现阶段状态通道只能处理甲乙双方的问题，具有一定局限性；想要将第三个人加入通道之内，还需研发出多方状态通道。
In combination with these features, the system proposed by Aeternity will allow large-scale off-chain data acquisition, which is higher than the capacity and processing speed of the Prophecy Project in the Etherms and Quantum Chain Ecology. But at this stage, the state channel can only deal with problems on both sides, with certain limitations; if a third person is to be added to the channel, a multi-state route will have to be developed.
另外为未来的大规模并发活动做准备，Aeternity选择了爱立信所辖CS-Lab开发的编程语言Erlang。这种语言支持大量级并发进程，而且不需要操作系统具有并发机制；但其相对小众，使用者以工程师居多，将来或许会给Aeternity智能合约生态的形成带来一定不便。
In addition, in preparation for large-scale future events, Aeternity has chosen Erlang, the programming language developed by the Ericsson CS-Lab. This language supports a large number of parallel development processes and does not require an operating system to have a co-development mechanism; but it is relatively small, with a large number of users as engineers, and may cause some inconvenience in the future to the formation of the Aeternity Smart Contract Ecology.
Aion：主打跨链通信，致力于成为区块链界互联网?
以太坊联合创始人Gavin Wood推出的Polkadot、Tendermint团队发布的Cosmos等等项目专注于研究的跨链交易技术，有助于去中心化交易平台的构建。而Aion所要做的跨链通信，不单单要把Token连接在一起，还要借助其Aion-1协议以及Aion虚拟机将区块链信息联通，形成一个庞大的去中心化区块链互联网。
The projects, such as Polkadot, launched by Gavin Wood, a cosmos team from Tendermint, and others, focus on research and cross-chain trading techniques, helping to build a centralized trading platform. And Aion’s cross-chain communications, not only to connect Token, but also to connect block information with its Aion-1 protocol and the Aion virtual machine, create a huge decentralized network.
据悉，去年年末Aion还与领域内的同类项目——号称“韩版ETH”的ICON以及今年年初推出主网的Wanchain建立“跨链联盟”，计划共同打造区块链界的阿里巴巴。而与两个合作伙伴不同的是，Aion还添加了跨链间信息交互功能，让其生态内的Dapp能够联动，也就是根据其他区块链上信息的变化而更改当前状态。
In late last year, Aion was also known as — — “ ETH” ICON and Wanchain, which launched the main network at the beginning of this year, to create & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; Ali Baba, which plans to co-create a block chain. Unlike the two partners, Aion added a cross-linkage information interactive function to allow its ecological dapp to connect, i.e. to change the current status in the light of changes in information on other block chains.
功能强大的项目需要技术的支持，但是Aion项目对于其跨链技术的承压能力描述甚少，而今年四月份项目上线主网之后，GitHub上的代码更新速度也随之下降。
A strong project requires technical support, but the Aion project has very little description of its capacity to carry cross-chain technology, and the rate of code updating on GitHub decreased following the project's online main network in April this year.
Nebulas：推出激励协议吸引开发者入驻?
Nebulas（星云链）也是这一梯队里面Dapp生态形成较快的项目，在它设定的开发者激励机制推动下，主网上线没多久就已经有不少开发者入驻星云链生态，并开发自己的Dapp。
Nebulas (the nebulas chain) is also a fast-forming Dapp ecologic project in this echelon, and, driven by the developers'incentives it has set up, the main web line already has many developers in the galaxy chain ecology and has developed its own Dapp.
与上述激励协议相得益彰的是，Nebulas未来将从DPoS过度到PoD（贡献度证明）共识机制；通过PoS及PoI机制的融合，再加上项目推出的可对各个账户进行价值评估的星云指数（NR），未来星云链将能以各节点对项目的贡献度来分配记账奖励。而基于Nebulas所定义的价值尺度，星云链还试图构建针对去中心化应用的搜索引擎，成为区块链上的谷歌，同时以这种方式扩宽其Dapp生态网。
Added to this incentive agreement is Nebulas’ future transition from DOS to the PoD (confirmation of contributions) consensus mechanism; through the integration of PoS and PoI mechanisms, together with the project’s Nears Index (NR), which allows value assessment of various accounts, the future nebula chain will be able to allocate credit incentives by the contribution of nodes to the project. On the basis of Nebulas’ defined value scale, the nebulas chain also seeks to build a search engine for decentralised applications to become Google on the grid, while expanding its Dapp ecological network in this way.
不过PoD共识机制还未正式上线，在此之前星云链可以说是中心化的区块链项目，因为现阶段网络使用的DPoS机制中，所有超级节点皆由官方团队维护，暂不对外开放。
However, the PoD Consensus mechanism had not been formally launched, until then the nebula chain could be described as a central block chain project, since all the supernodes in the DPOS mechanism used by the network at this stage were maintained by official teams and closed to the outside world.
3.铆足干劲，代码提交频繁的新秀
3. Rigorous. Codes submitted to frequent new show.
技术创新是这些后来者寻求突破的尝试，也是打破领域头部效应壁垒的关键。而币圈最不缺的就是创新概念，2018仅仅半年时间就有超过两百个新项目出现（数据源自：Coinmarketcap）。
Technological innovation is an attempt by those who later seek to break through, and the key to breaking down the barriers to head-on effects. The most important thing about the currency is the concept of innovation, with more than 200 new projects emerging in just half a year in 2018 (data derived from Coinmarketscap).
想要在琳琅满目的新起之秀中判断谁好谁坏很难，况且现如今行业还处于早期发展阶段，这些创新技术是画蛇添足还是发展突破口有待市场的考验。当然这还得看项目能否真正实现其描述的功能，而从目前CryptoMiso网站的统计数据来看，RChin、Nuls等专注于某一技术的区块链项目开发热情较高，代码更新速度也很快。
It is difficult to judge who is good and who is bad in a new show of Lin Ying, and the industry is still in the early stages of development, whether these innovative technologies add up to the point of development to be tested in the market. Of course, it depends on whether the project actually fulfils its description function, and the current statistics on CryptoMiso show that RChin, Nuls, etc., are more motivated to develop a technology-focused block chain, and the code updates are fast.
新型共识机制
Nuls：基于服务和事件的模块化设计、基于跨链共识的多链并行，Nuls系统的技术特点实际上就是Ardor父-子链结构以及跨链共识机制的整合；让系统能够支持POW、DPOS、POS、PBFT等多种共识机制，而其主链则默认采用团队创新提出的PoC（信用共识）机制。
Nuls: Service- and event-based modular design, multi-chain parallels based on cross-chain consensus, the technical characteristics of the Nuls system are in fact the integration of parent-sub-chain structures and cross-chain consensus mechanisms; allowing the system to support a variety of consensus mechanisms such as Pow, DOS, POS, PBFT, while its main chain implicitly uses the PoC (credit consensus) mechanism as a result of team innovation.
在这种机制之下，系统会对节点进行类似于芝麻信用的等级评估，只有信用分值满足网络设定的硬性指标，节点才能参与区块链共识，然后按照网络排序轮流出块。而运行期间系统还会对节点进行实时监控，一旦出现掉线、死机或者恶意攻击等行为，都会相应给予黄牌警告及红牌出场的提示。然而按照其另一参与标准来看，持币人需至少持有2万NULS并获得多于20万少于50万委托到该节点之上的NULS，才能成为有效节点、参与共识并获取奖励。从本质来看，有效节点的设定和功效与PoS矿池无异，只是NULS网络对这些“矿池”设定了准入门槛及限制条件而已。
Under this mechanism, the system provides nodes with ratings similar to sesame credit. Only if the credit score meets a hard indicator set by the network, the node can participate in the block chain consensus and then rotate out of blocks according to the order of the network. During operation, the system also monitors nodes in real time.
PoA：号称以太坊扩容失败后补项目的PoA过去12月里代码更新速度较快，同时发布其跨链桥POA Bridge并发性POA 20代币，使得用户能够在POA网络和以太坊网络之间发送POA代币。
PoA: PoA, known as the failed post-Taiwan expansion project, has been updated faster in the past 12 months, while its trans-link bridge, PoA Bridge, has been released with pro-poa 20 tokens, enabling users to send POA tokens between POA and Ether.
不过从官网的描述来看，PoA更多是以以太坊侧链的形式存在；而依照白皮书的说法——完全兼容以太坊、完全支持Parity客户端等等——可以看出，PoA可以说是翻版以太坊，只是其将原本的PoW共识机制换成了PoA（权威证明机制）机制。这种委员会选举机制验证速度非常快，可以在一定程度上提高网络的交易处理速度；但是其中心化程度较高，更适合在私有链中使用，不需要分布式信任体系也能照常运行。
However, according to the description of the Network, PoA is more present in the form of the Taiwan Rim; according to the White Paper, — fully compatible with & mdash; & mdash; & mdash; & & mdash; as can be seen, PoA can be said to be a reprint, but instead replaces the original PoW Consensus mechanism with the PoA (Authority Certification Mechanism). The Commission’s electoral mechanism is fast-tracked and allows for some improvement in the speed of processing of the network’s transactions; but it is more centralized and more suitable for use in the private chain, and does not require a distributed trust system to function as usual.
分片技术
分片技术的概念源于传统数据库，顾名思义就是将区块中的数据分成很多不同的“片段”，并将它们分别存放在各个节点之上。这种分散式并行系统，在保持主链完整稳定的同时，可减少每个节点的数据储存量，从而达到扩容效果。包括Vitalik、新加坡国立大学Loi Luu等人都认为，分片技术是更为长远且理论上可行的扩容方案。
The concept of segment technology stems from traditional databases, which, by definition, divide the data in blocks into many different & ldquo; segments & rdquo; and store them on each node. This decentralized parallel system, while maintaining the integrity and stability of the main chain, can reduce the amount of data stored at each node, thereby achieving magnifying effects.
目前以太坊的分片技术还在研发，而今年三月刚推出的Zilliqa项目已经推出具有分片技术的测试网络，本月中旬还进行了升级。依照其内部成员的说法，最近的内部承压测试中，Zilliqa在3600个节点、6个分片的状态下，达到2000 笔每秒的交易性能，接近Visa处理速度的25%。而与其他区块链平台截然相反的是，Zilliqa网络交易处理能力随着节点的增加而提高；所以说未来网络参与者的增多，并不会让区块链变得更拥堵，反而能达到并行处理速度提升的效果。
At present, sub-technology is being developed in Taiku, and the Zilliqa project, which was launched in March of this year, has been upgraded by mid-month. According to its internal members, Zilliqa has reached 2,000 transactional performances per second, close to 25% of Visa’s processing speed, in a state of 3600 nodes and six fragments. In contrast to other sector chain platforms, Zilliqa’s network processing capacity has increased with nodes; so it is said that in the future the number of network participants will not increase, but rather will achieve parallel processing speed increases instead.
追根溯源，Zilliqa团队成员新加坡国立大学师生Prateek Saxena和Loi Luu就是分片技术的提出者，这同时也是Zilliqa被称为“分片之王”的原因。不过Zilliqa按照地址且数据处理分片、存储不分片的处理方式，为其提高数据访问及未来对智能合约的支持带来一定局限性。而同样专注于分片技术且代码更新速度较快的Rchain则计划，采用数据分片及业务导向地注册机制来解决这些问题；不过这个推出时间比Zilliqa早的项目目前还未发布测试网络。
In retrospect, Prateek Saxena and Loi Luu, members of Zilliqa’s team, are the proponents of the technology, which is also why Zilliqa is known as “ &rdquao; the king of the film; but Zilliqa’s treatment by address and by data processing, storage and non-disaggregation has limited its ability to improve data access and future support for smart contracts. Rchain, also focused on the technology and the speed with which the code is updated, plans to address these issues using the data fragments and a business-oriented registration mechanism; however, the project, which was launched earlier than Zilliqa, has not yet published a testing network.
此外值得一提的是，Rchain与以太坊一样，采用了Casper协议，而这种共识算法也是由前者项目发起人Rho微积分数学家开发者Greg Meredith推荐给Vitalik和Vlad Zamfir的。
In addition, it is worth mentioning that Rchain, like Etheria, adopted the Casper agreement, and this consensus algorithm was recommended to Vitalik and Vlad Zamfir by Greg Meredith, the founder of the former project, Rho Mathematician.
4.分散式并行是区块链“三元悖论”的最终解？
4. Decentralised parallels are the chain of blocks & & ldquao; the Trinity paradox & rdquao; final resolution?
实际上，目前领域内关于底层区块链项目的争议归根结底就是，去中心化与可扩展性、功能优化齐全与网络安全之间的博弈。无论是去中心化程度最高的公链霸主以太坊，还是号称百万级TPS的币圈网红EOS，又或者是虚拟机可扩展程度更高的NEO；都在一定程度上为了实现目标而牺牲了“三元”中的其中一个或者两个，至少从已经推出的这些平台型区块链项目来说，公链发展的路依然还有很长。
In fact, the controversy in the area at hand over the bottom block chain project is ultimately about the game between decentralisation and scalability, optimized functionality, and cybersecurity. Whether the most centralized public-chained owner, ÉOS, or the currency-circle, known as the million-grade TPS, is red, or a higher-extensible NEO; both have sacrificed & ldquo; triple & rdquo; and one or two of them, at least in the context of these platform-based sector chain projects that have been launched, the public-chain still has a long way to go.
当然，现阶段社区内也提出不少试图兼容这三大目标的解决方案，比如以太坊张正在研发的分片技术和Plasma项目、Aeternity采用的图灵完备状态通道、Ardor以及Cardano分别设计的父-子链和分层框架……从技术的基础概念来看，这些解决方案的设计思路离不开分散式并行操作——也就是通过分散式分布以及相关技术，在尽量不影响主链去中心化程度的基础下实现高效并行运作，从而提高网络的可扩展性。不过这些解决方案目前仍处于研发甚至是概念化阶段，未来能否实现，实现后又是否可以真正解决“三元悖论”还未知。
There are, of course, a number of solutions in the community at this stage that attempt to accommodate these three objectives, such as the Fragmentation Technology and Plasma Project being developed with Taipan, the Turinable State Channel adopted by Aeternity, the parent-subchain and stratification framework & Hellip designed by Ardor and Cardano, respectively, & Hellip; the underlying concept of technology, where these solutions are designed in such a way as not to operate in parallel and in a decentralized manner & mdash; & mdash; i.e., efficient parallel operation of the network through decentralized distribution and related technologies on a basis that does not affect as much as possible the centralization of the chain, thus increasing the expansionability of the network.
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