视觉中国
比特币的造富神话带火了一个烧脑的技术——区块链，一个最高价可飙升到19850美元(2017年12月)的虚拟货币自顾自地形成了火热的币圈。更有浑水摸鱼者打着区块链的幌子，写一份白皮书，发行一套代币，再让媒体造势拉盘，交易所里挂几天就能集资千万元。
Bitcoin’s myths of wealth are burning a brain-burning technology – a block chain with a virtual currency whose highest price could jump to 19850 (December 2017) to form a hot circle of currency itself. More scavengers use the guise of block chains to write a white paper, issue a set of tokens, and give the media a plaque, and the exchange can raise millions of dollars in a few days.
2018年以来，各国金融体系对各类代币发行融资活动叫停或抵制，区块链技术随之遇冷。时隔一年，区块链又火了，带火的不止于币圈，还有区块链在各个行业的应用。近日，有媒体报道，区块链热潮下仍存在币圈乱象，叫嚣“双11”可暴富100倍的操作，其实是非法集资。
Since 2018, countries’ financial systems have stopped or resisted the financing of various forms of currency issuances, resulting in a chilling of block-chain technology. In a year’s time, the block chain has caught fire, not only in the currency ring, but also in the use of the block-chain in various industries.
区块链火了，随之而来的还有关于它的各种传言。
Blocks are on fire, followed by rumours about it.
区块链等于比特币?
block chain equals bitcoin?
比特币与区块链，更像是鸡与蛋的关系
Bitcoin and block chains, more like a chicken-egg relationship.
2008年11月1日，一个帖子出现在一封密码学邮件列表中：“我正在开发一种新的电子现金系统，采用完全点对点的形式，而且无需任何第三方的介入。”署名为中本聪。
On 1 November 2008, a post appeared in a cryptographic mailing list: “I am developing a new electronic cash system in the form of a full point-to-point format, without the need for any third party to intervene.” It is signed as a medium-to-hear.
随之而来的是区块链里的第一个区块，被称为创世区块。除了创世区块拥有一个唯一的ID号外，每个后续建立的区块均包含两个ID号，一个是该区块自身的ID号，另一个是前序区块的ID号。
Then comes the first block in the block chain, called the original block. In addition to the original block, which has a unique ID number, each of the following blocks consists of two IDs, one of the block's own IDs, and the other of the previous block IDs.
可以说，比特币是区块链技术的第一个应用，区块链技术也是由比特币推导而来，但两者并不相等。换句话说，比特币与区块链更像是鸡与蛋的关系，先有鸡还是先有蛋很难说清，可以确定的是从比特币中孕育而来的区块链技术，在发展过程中有了很多形式上的转变，且根据应用领域不同有所创新。
It can be said that bitcoin is the first application of block chain technology, which is also derived from bitcoin, but not the same. In other words, bitcoin is more like a chicken-egg relationship.
“比特币是区块链公链的代表应用，是一个全世界任何人都可以随时进入到系统中读取数据、发送可确认交易、竞争记账的区块链。”北京思源政通科技集团技术负责人陈善华介绍，以太坊和超级账本等把智能合约引入到区块链里面，通过合约的方式，来规定我跟你之间的交易行为，可以说智能合约打开了区块链世界应用的新领域。并且平台对底层协议的封装，提供了完整的开发说明，这降低了区块技术的应用门槛，促进了区块链技术在各个行业的应用。
“Bitcoin is a representative application of the block chain, a block chain in which anyone in the world can access the system at any time to access data, send confirmation transactions and compete for bookkeeping.” Chen Seonhua, Technical Director of the Political Science and Technology Group of Beijing, introduced smart contracts into the block chain, such as the Taiku and superbooks, to regulate my dealings with you by means of contracts, it can be said that smart contracts open up new areas of worldwide application of the block chain. And the platform’s encapsulation of the bottom protocol provides a complete description of the development, which reduces the application threshold of block technology and promotes the application of block chain technology in various industries.
区块链就是一条链?
block chain is a chain?
有多种变化形式，链内可形成跨链机制
There are many forms of change that can form a cross-chain mechanism within the chain.
如果互联网不仅仅是一张网，那么区块链必然不只是一条链。
If the Internet is not just a network, then the block chain must be more than a chain.
区块链内可形成跨链机制，并正在逐步趋向成熟和可应用化。跨链简单来说就是信息从一条链到另外一条链，有点像信息从一个内网到另一个内网。
The chain of blocks can form a cross-chain mechanism and is gradually becoming mature and applicable. The cross-chain is simply information from one chain to another, sort of like information from one intranet to another.
一个分布式应用的不同模块可能部署在不同链上，那它怎么调用其他链上的模块、不同的模块之间怎么交互?陈善华解释，例如：在政务领域，可通过建设目录链、证照链、事项链等账本将数据进行隔离，将公开数据和隐私数据进行隔离，进而保证数据的保护。
Different modules of a distributed application may be deployed in different chains, so how can they be called on other chains and interact with different modules? Chen Seon-hwa explained, for example, that in the area of government, data can be isolated by building a catalogue, a chain of identification, a chain of events, etc., which separates open data and privacy data, thereby ensuring data protection.
从比特币到以太坊，再到超级账本，从公链到联盟链到私链，不同的维度看过去，区块链有多种变化形式，而随着在多个领域的落地应用，区块链将越来越成为行业中使用的重要基础架构，远远超出加密货币和金融服务领域。
From Bitcoin to Etheria, to superbooks, from public to union to private chains, with different dimensions, the blocks chain has changed in a variety of ways, and as it is applied in multiple areas, the blocks chain will increasingly become an important infrastructure for use in the industry, well beyond the area of encrypted money and financial services.
区块链会曝光隐私数据?
The block chain exposes privacy data?
使用组合加密技术，目前尚未被破解
Use of combination encryption technology, so far uncrypted
“在区块链上‘跑’的数据都是通过加密之后才上链的，因此不会造成隐私数据的泄露。”陈善华介绍，区块链和非对称加密算法的结合使用，基于区块链匿名性等能力，在区块链上对数据的所有权和使用权得到进一步维护。用户可将自己私密信息使用个人公钥加密，私钥用户个人拥有，加密信息只有用户本人能解开，数据共享传输时用户双方采用对方的公钥加密，实现点对点的数据传输共享安全。在算法选择上区块链通常使用国际标准的ECC和我国标准的SM2，从理论上讲，解密这件事情本身非常困难，几乎无法做到，况且区块链采用一人一密，数据泄露和被破解风险更小。
"The `run' data in the block chain is not leaking privacy data because they are not linked through encryption." Chen Xinhua described that the combination of block and non-symmetric encryption algorithms, based on the ability, inter alia, on the anonymity of the block chain, provides further maintenance of ownership and access to data in the block chain. Users can use personal public key encryption for their own intimate information, private key user ownership, encryption only by the user, the sharing of data between users using the other's public key encryption for data sharing, and the sharing of point-to-point data security. The upper block chain is usually selected using international standards, ECC and our standard SM2, which in theory is very difficult to decipher.
有报道称，比特币自诞生以来，区块链本身携带的信息从未被黑客截取，所产生的问题均为交易所等外援问题。事实上，区块链技术的安全性问题，在于它的开源代码中也可能存在不曾被发现的漏洞，进而被黑客利用。
It has been reported that since the birth of Bitcoin, the information contained in the block chain itself has never been intercepted by hackers, causing problems such as foreign aid issues, such as exchanges. Indeed, the security of block chain technology can also be exploited by hackers because of undetected loopholes in its open source code.
黑客对区块链技术的攻击可发生在应用层、合约层、激励层、数据层等6个不同层面。360安全团队曾对某公链和交易所进行了安全测试，团队发现42个漏洞，其中可影响到用户账户安全的高危漏洞29个。360集团信息安全部王伟波表示，“通过分析一些安全事件，以区块链攻击为切入点，深入分析黑客的攻击手法，可针对不同的攻击，做好安全防护。”
The hacking of block chain technology can take place at six different levels: the application, contract, incentive, and data layers. 360 security teams have conducted security tests on a public chain and exchange, and the team has discovered 42 holes, 29 of which can affect the security of user accounts. 360 information security department Wang Weibo states that “by analysing some security incidents, using block chain attacks as an entry point, an in-depth analysis of hackers' methods of attack can provide security protection against different attacks.”
区块链的信息都是正确的?
The information on the block chain is correct?
保障链上数据真实，还需配套制度
The data on the chain are real and there's a need for an accompanying system.
区块链是不可篡改的。如果有人动了某一个节点里面的数据(比如张三本来是转给李四1个比特币，变成了张三给李四2个)，那时间戳不对了，这个节点就不再是原来的节点了，就会被识别出来。区块链网络里面还有大量的副本，发现假的数据就会修复，因此在区块链上的所有信息都无法篡改。
The chain of blocks cannot be tampered with. If someone moves the data in one node (such as Zhang San was transferred to Li 4 1 bitcoin and turned to Li 42), the time stamp is wrong, the node is no longer the original node, and it will be identified. There are plenty of copies in the network of blocks, and the false data will be recovered, so that all the information on the node cannot be tampered with.
但不可篡改是不是意味着信息都正确呢?区块链只能就虚拟世界的信息加以约束，却对上链的现实数据的真伪无法干预。中国信息通信研究院云计算与大数据研究所副所长魏凯表示，区块链的链上数据与现实数据衔接是一个突出的问题。每个行业使用区块链时都有自己的痛点，例如溯源行业，如何确保上链的数据与追溯的产品一一对应，而不会被“掉包”?
Can't it be tampered with? Block chains can only bind information about the virtual world, but they can't interfere with the authenticity of real data on the upper chain.
写到链上的信息是不是真实的，是否能够准确反映现实，这是区块链技术解决不了的，必须依靠链外的手段保障。魏凯认为，保障区块链上的数据真实性，还需要配套制度的建设。
Whether the information on the chain is real or not and whether it accurately reflects reality cannot be solved by block chain technology, which must be secured by means outside the chain. Wei Kai argues that ensuring the authenticity of data on the chain of blocks requires the building of an accompanying system.
区块链能彻底消除欺诈活动?
the block chain completely eliminates fraudulent activity?
“空气币”一直存在，技术手段难破人性问题
The “air coin” has always existed, and the technical means are difficult to solve human problems.
近日，一篇题为《叫嚣“双11”暴富100倍区块链热潮下币圈乱象调查》的报道对卷土重来的“空气币”做了调查：以Biki虚拟货币交易所为例，其靠着类似拼多多的模式，疯狂上线“空气币”和“拉人头”，专注下沉市场，上线各种虚拟币逾150种。Biki的上币项目基本都是无底层技术团队、无实际价值的“空气币”，所谓的白皮书更是漏洞百出。但想一夜暴富的人太多了——“我们也知道可能被骗，但是就是抱着谁跑得快的心理，说不定能赚一波。”
In recent days, a report entitled “Survey of a 100-fold “Birth-rich” chain of hot-and-deep currency tumblings” has been investigated: the Biki Virtual Currency Exchange, for example, is based on a similar multi-faceted pattern, with a crazy uplink of “air coins” and “captures”, focusing on the sunk market, with almost 150 different virtual coins on the line. Biki's upper currency projects are largely bottomless technical teams, non-real-valued “air coins”, and so-called white papers are flawed. But there are too many people who want to be rich overnight -- “We also know who's running fast, and may not be able to make a wave.”
靠技术难以解决人性问题，欺诈活动是否消失取决于人们的贪欲是否得到合理控制。虚拟货币的出现反而使得犯罪活动有了新的渠道，转入更加难以察觉和管控的领域。
Technology makes it difficult to solve human problems, and the disappearance of fraudulent activities depends on whether people’s greed is reasonably controlled. The emergence of virtual money has instead created new avenues for criminal activity, moving into areas that are more difficult to detect and control.
2018年4月，曾发生过一行代码蒸发64亿人民币的币圈事件，仅仅因为黑客找到了一个代码漏洞，与之相关的区块链产品的全部市值瞬间被全部转出，趋近于零。
In April 2018, there was a currency ring in which a line of codes evaporated by 6.4 billion yuan, merely because hackers had found a code gap in which the entire market value of the related block chain products had been transferred out overnight, close to zero.
除了经济利益被盗，利用比特币支付、洗钱等渠道和手法也变化多端。“比特币(目前黑市承认的加密数字货币大多为比特币)的参与，使得警方以追寻资金链条为手段的破案方法可能就要失效了。”山东警察学院张璇曾表示，在工作中，深感案子不好查了，追查罪犯的难度大大增加。（记者 张佳星）
In addition to the theft of economic benefits, the use of channels and techniques such as Bitcoin payments, money-laundering, etc. “The involvement of Bitcoin (which is now recognized by the black market as being mostly bitcoin) may render the police's method of resolving the case by tracing the money chain ineffective.” Zhang Xuan of the Shandong Police Academy said that, in his work, it was deeply felt that the case was difficult to investigate and that it was much more difficult to track criminals.
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