区块链与比特币相伴而生。近年来，所谓的“数字货币”（虚拟货币）成为投机资本追逐的“风口”。随着中国监管政策的日趋完善，投机者热情逐渐退却，作为底层技术的区块链也被人们广泛认知。
In recent years, the so-called “ digital currency & rdquo; virtual currency) has become a & & & & & & rdquo chaser of speculative capital. As China’s regulatory policy has improved, speculators’ enthusiasm has retreated, and the chain of blocks as the bottom technology is widely recognized.
“币圈凉了”，区块链回归本源，行业迎来全新的发展契机。
& ldquo; the currency is cool & rdquao; the block chain returns to its source and the industry opens up new opportunities for development.
区块链的前世今生
The previous life of the block chain.
区块链诞生自“中本聪”的比特币。
The block chain is born from &ldquao; &rdquao; bitcoin.
2008年11月，“中本聪”发表《比特币:一种点对点的电子现金系统》一文，阐述基于P2P网络、加密、时间戳、区块链等技术的电子现金系统的构架理念，标志着比特币的诞生。
The birth of Bitcoin was marked in November 2008, by “ and by the publication of Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-points, which describes the concept of an electronic cash system based on technologies such as P2P networks, encryption, time stampes, block chains, etc.
在中国电子技术标准化研究院区块链研究室主任李鸣看来，区块链发展分成三个阶段，目前总体处于早期。第一阶段是比特币网络建立的支付系统，完成点对点的电子支付过程。第二阶段是以太坊集成了智能合约等技术，建立了分布式应用系统、基于区块链技术的生态。第三阶段是从小规模应用探索向局部大规模应用过渡阶段。
The first stage is the payment system set up by the Bitcoin network, which completes the point-to-point electronic payment process. The second phase is the installation of a distributed application system based on block chain technology, using techniques such as a smart contract. The third phase is the transition from small-scale applications to large-scale local applications.
“区块链技术是比特币网络背后的一种基础设施，由密码学、分布式通讯、分布式计算等组成，在区块链出现之前已经存在，所以这不是新技术。” 百度金融区块链负责人李丰说。
& ldquo; block chain technology is an infrastructure behind the Bitcoin network, consisting of cryptography, distributed communications, distributional calculations, etc., which existed before the block chain appeared, so this is not a new technology. ” 100-degree financial block chain leader Li Fong said.
从技术层面，区块链是一个去中心化的数据库，集合了分布式数据存储、共识机制、加密算法等技术，具备去中心化、数据不可篡改、信息公开透明、同步更新、数据库安全可靠等优点。
At the technical level, the block chain is a decentralised database that brings together technology such as distributed data storage, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms and has the advantages of decentralizing, data non-diversion, open and transparent information, synchronized updating and database security.
区块链主要的技术特性包括：一是从集中式存储账本演进到分布式共享账本。区块链打破了原有的集中式记账，变成“全网共享”的分布式账本，参与记账的各方之间通过同步协调机制，保证数据的一致性，提升了支付清结算效率。二是解决传统中心化的信任机制问题。网络中没有中心节点，所有节点都是平等的，通过共识机制达成整体共识。三是数据安全且难以篡改。每个区块的数据都会通过非对称密码算法加密，并分布式同步到所有节点，确保任一节点停止工作都不影响系统的整体运作。四是以智能合约方式驱动业务应用，系统由代码组成的智能合约自动运行，无需人工干预。
The main technical features of the block chain include: one evolving from a centralized repository to a distributed shared account book. The block chain breaks down the original centralized ledger and becomes “ the web-wide sharing of ” and the distributed ledger, where consistency of data between the parties involved in the bookkeeping is ensured through a synchronized coordination mechanism that enhances the efficiency of the settlement of payments. The second is to solve the problem of the traditional centralized trust mechanism. There are no central nodes on the network, all nodes are equal, and there is an overall consensus through a consensus mechanism. Three are data security and difficult to tamper with. Data for each block are encrypted through asymmetric cryptography, and the distribution is synchronized to all nodes to ensure that no one section stops work without affecting the overall functioning of the system.
“数字货币”≠区块链
& ldquo; digital currency & rdquao; ≠ block chain
提起区块链就不能不提“数字货币”，但区块链不等于币，各种币只是区块链经济生态和模型中的一部分。
& ldquao; digital currency & rdquao; but the block chain is not equal to currency, and the various currencies are only part of the economic ecology and model of the block chain.
“区块链技术与‘数字货币’存在关联，但两者绝不相同。”李丰说，区块链技术诞生于比特币，但比特币出现后，人们发现支撑比特币的底层计算机技术，还可以应用到“数字货币”之外的其它领域，所以这类底层技术应该统称为区块链技术。
& & ldquo; block chain technology with ‘ digital currency ’ there are links, but they are not identical. & & & & & & & & & & rsquao; & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & ; & & ; & & & & ; & ; & & ; ; & & & & & & ; & & & ; & & & & ; & & ; & & & & & ; & & & ; & & & & & ; & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; ; & & & & & & & ; ; & & ; & & & & & & ; & & & ; & & & & & & & ;
李丰说，区块链是中立的计算机技术，可以应用到数字货币，也可以应用到其他领域，而“数字货币”是一类虚拟应用，其本质是计算机的一串二进制数字，存在于虚拟网络和计算机世界。
Li Fung said that block chains are neutral computer technologies that can be applied to digital currency or other areas, while & ldquo; digital currency & rdquo; are virtual applications whose essence is a series of binary numbers of computers that exist in the virtual network and computer world.
“数字货币可以基于区块链技术构建，也可以不用区块链技术。”李丰说，在区块链技术提出之前，学界已经有多种数字货币，但现在大家所说的“数字货币”，很多指的是炒作币，这完全是一种纯粹的营销活动，与区块链技术没有任何关系。
& & ldquo; Digital Currency can be constructed based on block chain technology or without block chain technology. & & & & & & & & & & ; Digital Currency & & & & & & & & ; many refer to currency writing, which is a purely marketing activity that has nothing to do with block chain technology before block chain technology is presented.
2017年8月，中国互联网金融协会发布《关于防范以各类ICO（首次发行代币，募集比特币、以太坊等“数字货币”的行为）名义吸收投资相关风险的提示》，提醒投资者，国内外部分机构采用各类误导性宣传手段，以ICO名义从事融资活动，相关金融活动未取得任何许可。同年9月，中国人民银行、中央网信办、工业和信息化部等七部委发布公告，叫停各类代币发行融资活动。
In August 2017, the China Internet Finance Association (CIFA) issued a reminder to investors to prevent risks associated with investment in the name of all kinds of ICOs (for the first time in the form of tokens, the collection of bitcoins, the collection of “ digital currency & & rdquo; behaviour), reminding some domestic and foreign institutions to use misleading propaganda to finance activities in the name of ICO without obtaining any authorization. In September of the same year, seven ministries, such as the People's Bank of China, the Central Networking Office and the Ministry of Industry and Informationization, issued a circular to stop financing activities in various currencies.
2018年，中国互联网金融协会先后发布《关于防范变相ICO活动的风险提示》《关于防范境外ICO与“虚拟货币”交易风险的提示》等文件，就境内外的机构或个人组织开展所谓的币币交易和场外交易等“虚拟货币”交易场所，进行定性与风险提示。同时，中国人民银行公布虚拟货币交易平台与ICO平台退出数据，并将虚拟货币交易平台与ICO平台列入互联网金融专项整治工作之中。
In 2018, the China Internet Finance Association published, among other documents, " Risk Notices for Protection against Disguised ICO Activities ", " Protection against ICO and “ Virtual Currency & & rdquo; Trade Risk Notices ", which involved so-called currency transactions and off-the-shelf transactions by institutions or organizations both inside and outside China and abroad " ; Virtual Currency & rdquo; Place of Transactions, Qualifying and Risk Notices ". At the same time, the People's Bank of China published data on the withdrawal of the Virtual Money Exchange Platform and the ICO Platform, and included the Virtual Monetary Trading Platform and the ICO Platform as part of the special financial reform of the Internet.
“有些区块链公司在募资过程中，没有用到加密‘数字货币’概念，而是改为通证、积分等，这同样会给社会增加金融风险。” 清华大学经济管理学院金融系教授、中国金融研究中心主任何平说。
& & ldquo; some block chain companies do not use encryption ‘ digital currency ’ concepts instead of generalizations, credits, etc. in the fund-raising process, which also increases the financial risk to society. & & rdquo; Professor of Finance, Qinghua University School of Economic Management, and Director of the China Financial Research Centre.
区块链价值凸显
The value of the block chain is high.
2015年，经济学人把区块链作为解决信任问题的重要技术。第五届世界经济论坛上也提到区块链是继蒸汽机、电脑计算机、互联网络外的第四次工业革命。区块链作为数字经济的信任基础设施，对于中国调整经济结构、促进创新经济发展，驱动经济高质量发展起着重要作用。
The fifth World Economic Forum also mentioned the block chain as the fourth industrial revolution outside the steam engine, computer computers, and the Internet. The block chain as a trust infrastructure for the digital economy plays an important role in restructuring China’s economy, promoting innovative economic development, and driving high-quality economic development.
在北大光华管理学院金融系主任刘晓蕾看来，区块链在对外贸易、供应链管理等方面有着广泛的应用场景。她说，区块链在供应链金融方面的落地，可以将垂直行业的数据进行整合。如果可以在各个行业沿供应链打通数据，不仅可以提高管理运营效率，也可以更好解决没有资信的小供应商融资难、融资贵问题，推动整个行业升级。
According to Liu Xiaoree, Director of Finance, North Guanghua School of Management, the block chain has a wide range of applications in external trade, supply chain management, etc. She said that the location of the block chain in supply chain finance allows for the integration of data from the vertical sector. If data are made available along the supply chain across industries, it will not only improve management efficiency, but also better address the problems of financing small, untrusted suppliers, the high cost of financing, and the upgrading of the industry as a whole.
在李鸣看来，数据是数字经济的核心要素，数据的服务创新是数字经济发展的重要手段，这个过程需要区块链、大数据、人工智能、物联网等技术的集成应用，为数据的服务创新提供有力保障，从而最大化利用数据，加速数字经济发展。
In Li Ming's view, data are a central element of the digital economy, and data service innovation is an important means of digital economic development, a process that requires integrated applications of technology such as block chains, big data, artificial intelligence, and object networking to provide strong safeguards for data service innovation, thereby maximizing the use of data and accelerating digital economic development.
李鸣说，区块链技术自创建以来，主要应用于金融领域，但其合规性尚未得到全球认可。此外，其他领域的应用多是基于实验环境下的验证，所以需要推动在具体领域的试点应用，倒逼区块链技术快速发展。同时，在数字经济高速发展的进程中，公共服务等领域面临转型升级的需要，区块链技术可以作为一种信息基础设施，加速传统行业数字化转型。
Li Ming said that since its creation, block chain technology has been primarily applied in the financial sector, but its conformity has not yet been globally recognized. Moreover, applications in other areas are mostly based on testing in experimental environments, so there is a need to promote pilot applications in specific areas and to push block chain technology rapidly.
“区块链分布式共识的技术特点可以作为社会管理和诚信体系建设的基础设施，为社会管理相关方提供数据共享和协同的支持，为诚信体系变革提供信任基础，从而降低协作成本，提升协作效率，加速价值交换。”李鸣说，基于区块链技术构建产业共享和服务平台，创新产业服务模式，提升经济交换收益，完善和升级产业形态，促进产业链重塑。
& & ldquo; technical features of the block chain-based consensus can serve as an infrastructure for social management and integrity systems, providing data-sharing and synergistic support to social management stakeholders, and providing a trust base for integrity system change, thereby reducing the cost of collaboration, increasing its efficiency and accelerating value exchange. & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; ; & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & ; ; & & & & & & ; & & & & & & ; & & ; & & & ; & & & & & & ; & & & ; & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & &
“技术要符合产业发展需求，不要作为极客们的玩具。”李鸣说，如今“币圈”凉了，“链圈”方兴未艾。浮华褪却后，区块链技术才能凸显真正价值。
& & ldquo; technology to meet industrial development needs and not to be used as a toy for extremes. & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &, & & & & & & & & & & & &, & &, & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & ; & & & & & & & & & ; ; ; ; & & ; & & ; & & & & & & & & & & ; & & ; ; ; & & ; & & & ; ; & ; ; & & & & & & ; ; ; & ; ; & & & & ; ; &
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