深入理解Web3.0的主要特征：开放、隐私、共建
In-depth understanding of the main features of Web3.0: openness, privacy, co-construction
免责声明：本文旨在传递更多市场信息，不构成任何投资建议。文章仅代表作者观点，不代表火星财经官方立场。
This paper is intended to convey more information about the market and does not constitute an investment proposal.
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来源：国盛区块链研究院
Source: National Institute for the Development of Block Chains.
原文标题：《Web3.0时代：开放、隐私、共建》
Original title: TimeWeb3.0: Open, Private, Together
作者：宋嘉吉；任鹤义
Web2.0时代，以互联网巨头为核心，形成多个生态圈，核心互联网公司对数据、价值和网络效应具有垄断性，生态之间存在着强大的隔阂界限。互联网世界最重要争夺的资源便是流量入口（用户注意力和资金流）。
In the Web 2.0 era, with the Internet’s giants at its core forming multiple cyclings, core Internet companies have a monopoly on data, values, and network effects, and there are powerful ecological divides. The most important resource for the Internet world is the flow entrance (user attention and financial flows).
这一切在Web3.0时代将发生深刻的变化：Web3.0世界将充分开放化，用户在其中的行为将不受生态隔离的限制，甚至可以认为，用户可以（基于基础逻辑）自由畅游在Web3世界；用户数据隐私将通过加密算法和分布式存储等手段得到充分保护。
All of this will change profoundly in the Web3.0 era: the Web3.0 world will be fully open, where users will act free of ecological segregation, even assuming that users can travel freely (based on underlying logic) in the Web3 world; user data privacy will be adequately protected through encryption algorithms and distributed storage.
Web3世界，内容和应用将由用户创造和主导，充分实现用户共建、共治，共享平台的价值。
The Web3 world, where content and applications will be created and led by users, will fully realize the value of user co-building, co-governance and shared platforms.
Web3.0的主要特点是开放、隐私和共建。
The main features of
开放性体现在：
Openness is expressed in:
1）用户在某个互联网应用“领域”中的准入充分自由、门槛低；
1) Full freedom of access and low threshold for users in the “area” of an Internet application;
2）用户行为不受第三方限制、互联网应用打破原有的所谓生态内、生态间的界限，应用之间具有高度的组合性和复合性；合成资产、NFT等组合下，甚至可以在非许可、无交割的前提下将传统世界财富融合进入Web3.0。
2) User behaviour is not restricted by third parties, Internet applications break the original so-called ecological and inter-ecological boundaries, and there is a high degree of combination and complexity between applications; a combination of synthetic assets, NFTs, etc., can even integrate traditional world wealth into Web3.0 without permission or delivery.
3）另外，Web3.0内部基于不同基础设施的应用之间可以被“跨链”协议解决互联互通。
3) Furthermore, web3.0 internal connectivity between applications based on different infrastructure can be addressed by “cross-chain” agreements.
隐私体现在：数据所有权归用户所有，价值转移不需要第三方授权。
The privacy of 共建体现在：用户在Web2.0互联网应用中的内容创造是多方面受限的（受平台审核限制、跨平台限制），在社区治理方面的限制更甚，因此也就限制了用户在创作者经济共享方面的价值捕获。 The co-construction of Web3.0将打破这些限制，同时区块链的代币激励机制将内容经济的价值有效地反馈给创作者。共建、共享的另一个方面是共治，即DAO。 The other aspect of co-building and sharing is co-management, the DAO. 新的流量范式。Web3.0将不是单纯争夺用户注意力和资金流入口，由于协议的复合型、用户登录的开放性等特点，协议的调用次数往往更重要。同时，Sandbox、Roblox、我的世界的兴起，让市场看到了从2D到3D的升维，除了更立体的展示效果，还会有更多的社交空间。 关于落地形态。Web3.0充满了想象力，其最终的落地形态现在并不能清晰判断。但其趋势已然出现苗头。在向Web3.0演进过程中，有很多Web 2.0和Web 3.0混合形态的产品出现。典型代表是Opensea和Metamask钱包。 about landing patterns. Web3.0 is full of imaginations, and its final landing patterns are not now clearly defined. The trend is already emerging. There are a lot of web 2.0 and Web 3.0 mixed products in the evolution towards Web3. 浏览器还是APP？现存的Web 3.0应用，在PC和手机主要以web浏览器方式访问。不同于Web 2.0时代厂商喜欢开发独立的移动端App和PC客户端，Web 3.0也许将打破这一现象。 browser or APP? 's existing Web 3.0 application is accessed mainly by web browsers in PCs and mobile phones. Unlike Web 2.0-era manufacturers, web 3.0 may break this phenomenon by developing independent mobile App and PC clients. App和客户端对于用户行为数据收集可能更为方便、也方便核心厂商对生态应用的管理，这一点在注重隐私和开发的Web 3.0时代将改变。 App and client data collection on user behaviour may be easier and easier for core manufacturers to manage ecological applications, which will change in the age of Web 3.0, which focuses on privacy and development. 另外，本文对Web 3.0时代的监管也做了一些探讨和设想。1）稳定币——首当其冲，纳入传统监管框架；2）隐私性——底层KYC，应用层实现可控适度匿名；3）DAO治理——探讨阶段，传统监管介入。 风险提示：区块链商业模式落地不及预期；监管政策的不确定性。 risk hint : block chain business models fall short of expectations; regulatory policy uncertainty. 一、核心观点 元宇宙热潮之下，Web3.0越来越多地被业界提及，什么是Web3.0？Web3.0有哪些特征？为什么我们需要Web3.0？作为国盛区块链研究院Web3.0系列报告的首篇，我们将试着对上述没有标准答案的问题进行探索与分析。 What are the features of Web3.0? Why do we need Web3.0? As the first in the Web3.0 series of Web.0 reports of the National Academy of Block Chains, we will try to explore and analyse the above-mentioned issues for which there are no standard answers. 我们认为，在宏观意义上，Web3.0将是当前热议的元宇宙的底层网络架构，在分布式技术（区块链）的助力下，Web3.0将从开放、隐私和共建三个角度去颠覆Web2.0互联网，打造一个由用户社区主导的去中心化世界，重构互联网流量价值范式。 We believe that, at the macro level, Web3.0 will be the bottom-of-the-mode network architecture of the currently popular meta-cosmos. With the help of distributed technology (block chains), Web3.0 will destabilize the Web 2.0 Internet from three angles: openness, privacy and co-construction, creating a decentralized world dominated by the user community, and reshaping the value paradigm of Internet traffic. 虽然遥远，但在理想的Web3.0范式中，Web2.0时代互联网巨头享有的生态、数据、流量价值等优势将式微，取而代之的是开放、隐私和共建的互联网新世界。 Although remote, in the ideal Web3.0 paradigm, the advantages of the Web 2.0 era, such as ecology, data and flow values, will be minimal and replaced by a new world of openness, privacy and co-construction of the Internet. Web3.0的应用将打破Web2.0的生态圈界限，应用之间的复合性、组合性将不受限制，用户在Web3.0世界将以开放的姿态驰骋，在隐私得到充分保护的情况下充分发挥创造力，推动Web3.0世界更多创新应用发展和内容创建，同时流量价值将回馈给用户和社区。 Web3.0 applications will break the circumcosphere boundaries of Web 2.0, and the complexness and combination between applications will not be restricted. Users in the Web3.0 world will move forward in an open fashion, with full privacy protection and creativity, and will contribute to more innovative application development and content creation in the Web3.0 world, while the value of the flow will return to the users and communities. 二、Web3.0从何而来，又将何去？ Where do we come from, and where do we go? . 当下的Web2.0互联网似乎在“吞噬”着一切领域，人们不禁谈论着Web2.0红利的消失。始于2008年的区块链以去中心化的方式，从最初的点对点支付逐渐开始冲击着整个数字世界，尤其是近年来智能合约、DeFi、NFT等创新的出现，使得数字网络出现了新的范式可能。 The current Web 2.0 Internet appears to be “absorbing” in all areas, and one can only talk about the disappearance of the Web 2.0 dividend. The block chain, which began in 2008 in a decentralized manner, began to hit the digital world as a whole from the initial point-to-point payments, especially in recent years, with the emergence of innovations such as smart contracts, DeFi, and NFT, giving rise to new paradigms in digital networks. 电子屏幕和各类终端设备背后的数字世界，将在Web3.0的推动下，主导权由互联网巨头向用户转移。 The digital world behind electronic screens and various types of terminal equipment will be driven by Web3.0, with the dominant power shifting from the Internet giant to the user. 虽然Web3.0的轮廓依旧模糊，Web2.0巨头们似乎并未感受到其压力，但来自社区的创新将很快改变这一切。 Although the contours of Web3.0 remain blurred and the big Web 2.0 appear not to feel the pressure, innovations from the community will soon change all of this. 2.1. Web1.0到Web3.0：互联网经历了什么 回顾互联网从Web1.0到Web2.0的演进，我们可以看到围绕流量争夺、流量变现的变迁。Web1.0到Web2.0，流量从供给不足（互联网刚出现）再到市场争夺流量入口（互联网普及），进而流量变现，中间还经历了从PC互联网到移动互联网的演变。 Looking back at the evolution of the Internet from Web1.0 to Web 2.0, we can see a shift around traffic. Web1.0 to Web 2.0, flows from undersupply (the Internet has just appeared) to market for traffic access (Internet penetration) and, in the middle, from PC to mobile Internet. Web1.0和Web2.0可以说是流量为王的时代。虽然基础设施到应用层面的创新不断，但是流量为王的逻辑是不变的。流量背后，控制着用户流量的生态公司将享有最多的市场红利。相应的，用户的行为数据、用户体验都是在生态公司的限制下进行，用户创造和建设活动受到了一定的限制、且无法获得数据收益。 Web1.0 and Web 2.0 can be described as the era of mastery of flows. While innovation from the infrastructure to the application level continues, the logic of flow is constant. Behind the flow, ecological companies that control the flow of users will enjoy the most market dividends. By contrast, user behavioral data, user experiences, are performed within the limits of ecological companies, and user creation and construction activities are somewhat restricted and data returns are not available. 类似的案例非常普遍，如支付工具的跨平台限制、跨平台的超链接屏蔽等等。流量不仅限于用户的注意力，还包括资金流量，关于后者相当于Web2.0对传统金融的侵蚀。 Similar cases are common, such as cross-platform restrictions on payment tools, cross-platform hyperlink barriers, and so on. Flows are not limited to user attention, but also financial flows, which amount to the erosion of Web 2.0 on traditional finance. 用户在Web1.0和Web2.0时代，用户的行为是受限的，用户数据隐私得不到充分的保护，用户在互联网中的创作和建设力度是偏弱的，即便是类似抖音这样的短视频平台，用户的创作也接受者平台的监管，创造的形式和内容也无法脱离平台本身的引导和限制；平台通过少数流量大V引导着绝大部分用户的内容体验。 In the Web1.0 and Web 2.0 eras, users'behaviour was limited, user data privacy was not adequately protected, users'creativity and construction on the Internet was weak, even on short video platforms such as shivering, users'creation was regulated by the owner's platform, and the form and content created could not be separated from the guide and limitation of the platform itself; the platform led the content experience of the vast majority of users through a small flow of large V. 可以说，Web2.0时代，以互联网巨头为核心，形成一个个生态圈，生态内，核心互联网公司“统治”着生态，垄断着生态的数据、价值和网络效应。 这一切在Web3.0时代将发生深刻的变化：Web3.0世界将充分开放化，用户在其中的行为将不受生态隔离的限制，甚至可以认为，用户可以（基于基础逻辑）自由畅游在Web3世界；用户数据隐私将通过加密算法和分布式存储等手段得到保护。 All of this will change profoundly in the Web3.0 era: the Web3.0 world will be fully open, where users will act free of ecological segregation, even assuming that users can travel freely (based on underlying logic) in the Web3 world; user data privacy will be protected through encryption algorithms and distributed storage. Web3世界，内容和应用将由用户创造和主导，充分实现用户共建、共治（DAO，去中心化治理），同时用户将分享平台（协议）的价值。 The Web3 world, where content and applications will be created and led by users, will fully realize user co-building and co-governance (DAO, decentralised governance), while users will share the value of the platform (agreement). 除了完全不同的互联网模式和用户体验，Web3将带来新的流量入口范式。Web2时代占据用户注意力的流量入口模式将发生一些有趣的变化。 In addition to a completely different Internet model and user experience, Web3 will bring new traffic entrance paradigms. The traffic entrance patterns that occupied user attention in the Web2 era will be subject to some interesting changes. 在以区块链为代表的分布式技术推动下，从去中心化点对点账本实验到去中心化智能合约平台，催生了无数的新型应用（Dapp），慢慢DeFi形成了数字世界里的“金融服务”，而NFT加速了资产上链。 Driven by distributed technology, represented by block chains, from the decentralized point reconciliation book experiment to the decentralized smart contract platform, numerous new applications (Dapps) were created, and DeFi slowly formed “financial services” in the digital world, while NFT accelerated the asset chain. 我们看到，传统世界（线上和线下）之外，用户越来越接近一个相融相生的数字世界。至此，人们呼唤一个全新的网络世界——元宇宙，即可信地承载个人的社交身份和资产，社区将拥有更强大的主导权。 We see that outside the traditional world (on-line and below-line), users are getting closer to an integrated digital world. To this end, people call for a new world of networks — the meta-cosmos — in which the social identity and assets of individuals can be trusted, and communities will have stronger ownership. 以上就是Web3.0的进化简史。 This is the brief history of the evolution of Web3.0. 本报告将通过一些具体案例来剖析Web3开放、隐私、共建的特点，并分析新的流量入口和价值范式的内涵。 The present report will provide an analysis of the features of Web3 openness, privacy and co-construction through specific cases, as well as an analysis of the content of new flow entrances and value paradigms. 2.2. Web3.0生态已现雏形 Web 3.0技术堆栈主要可分为三层：协议层、应用层以及网络基础层。这一切主要是基于区块链构建的（当然协议层也可以有链下的辅助部分）。从应用角度看，Web 3.0则涵盖DAO（及工具）、隐私、应用、存储和数据、游戏、创作者经济平台、社交等几乎覆盖Web2.0的大部分领域。 The Web 3.0 technological stack can be divided into three main layers: protocol layer, application layer, and network base layer. All of this is based mainly on block chains (the protocol layer, of course, also has a chain of support). From an application point of view, Web 3.0 covers DAO (and tools), privacy, application, storage and data, games, creators'economic platforms, socialization, etc., which cover almost most of the areas covered by Web 2.0. 伴随着加密货币行业的蓬勃发展，近两年涌现了大量的Web3.0应用，当然，这些应用最终也许大部分都是过渡期产品。甚至有些应用在经济模式、解决用户痛点方面存在着缺陷，并未体现出比Web2.0更真实需求。 With the boom in the crypto-currency sector, a large number of Web3.0 applications have emerged in the last two years, and, of course, most of them may end up as transitional products. Even some of them are flawed in terms of economic models that address user pains and do not reflect a more real demand than Web 2.0. 无论如何，Web3.0生态已现雏形，在不断的应用探索中，将一步步揭开Web3.0的面纱。 In any event, the Web3.0 ecology has emerged and the veil of Web3.0 will be removed step by step in the course of continuous application exploration. 三、Web3的标签：开放、隐私和共建的世界 Label for 3.1. 开放：Web3.0打破生态界限 3.1. Open: Web3.0 Breaking the Ecological Boundaries Web3.0的开放性体现在： The openness of Web3.0 is reflected in: 用户在某个互联网应用“领域”中的准入充分自由、门槛低；例如，用户往往利用一个区块链账户地址就可以登录链上的应用，无须注册许可，操作便利； 用户行为不受第三方主体限制、互联网应用打破原有的所谓生态内、生态间的界限和隔阂，在复合代码运行逻辑的原则下，应用之间具有高度的组合性和复合性；最直接的案例就是所谓DeFi Lego，任何应用都可以对底层基础协议（如DEX）做调用或聚合，以及合成资产平台将现实世界资产映射到链上（无交割关系），这等于打破了所谓线上线下和虚拟与现实的界限。 The most direct case is the so-called DeFi Lego, where any application can be called or aggregated to the bottom base protocol (e.g. DEX) and the synthetic asset platform map the real world's assets into the chain (non-disconnectional), which is tantamount to breaking the so-called lineline and virtual with reality. 另外，Web3.0内部基于不同基础设施的应用之间可以被“跨链”协议解决互联互通；因此，用户在Web3.0世界多个应用的行为可以生产类似社交关系图谱，进一步提升数据价值的挖掘潜力。 Furthermore, connectivity between Web3.0 internal applications based on different infrastructure can be addressed by “cross-chain” agreements; therefore, user behaviour in Web3.0 applications around the world can produce social relations-like maps that further enhance the potential of data values. 举一个游戏应用的比喻，用户可以不受第三方限制、很方便进入一个游戏世界；用户可以将自身喜欢的角色/形象自由植入到游戏中去，甚至可以使得角色跨平台/领域行动，而Web2.0时代。 To give a metaphor for game applications, users have easy access to a world of games without third party restrictions; users can freely implant their favorite roles/image into the game, even allowing actors to move across platforms/areas, whereas the Web 2.0 era. 如王者荣耀这类游戏，你无法决定角色的选择，更不能将喜欢的孙悟空杀进魔兽世界——这方面的连通平台并不难，只是因为控制权并不在用户手中。当然，你也可以交易角色皮肤等装备（借助NFT），甚至基于其他DeFi协议建立复杂的游戏装备衍生品市场。总之，跨应用平台、跨虚拟与现实地完成Web3.0的生存方式。 If a king honours a game like this, you cannot decide the choice of a role, let alone kill the preferred Sun Goku into the world of the beasts – a platform for connectivity that is not difficult, simply because control is not in the hands of the user. Of course, you can trade equipment such as character skin (through NFT) or even create a complex derivative market for game equipment based on other DeFi agreements. 本节将以ENS、MASK Network和Polkdot为例，阐释开放的意义。 This section will illustrate the meaning of openness in the case of ENS, MASK Network and Polkdot. 3.1.1. ENS（Ethereum Name Service）：去中心化的身份验证和域名系统 3.1. ENS(Etheium Name Service): decentralised identification and domain name system DNS（Domain Name System）是传统Web2.0的重要组成部分。当用户上网时，服务器会将用户的网址请求解析成IP地址返回给用户。 The DNS (Domain Name System) is an important part of the traditional Web 2.0. When users access the Internet, the server returns the user's request to an IP address. 如www. https://www.bilibili.com/域名对应的IP地址可能为http:// 119.3.211.130。这种可读性更高的域名系统降低了用户访问网址时的难度，为Web2.0的建设做出了重要贡献。DNS解决了Web2.0访问的问题，然而随着网址的不断增多以及Web2.0中心化的特点。 For example, https://www.bilibili.com/domainnames may have an IP address at http:// 119.3.211.130. This more readable domain name system reduces user access to the web site and makes an important contribution to the construction of Web 2.0. DNS addresses web 2.0 access issues, but with the increasing number of web sites and web 2.0 centralization features. 用户往往需要注册大量的网站账号，用来访问不同的网站。针对这一问题，尽管许多应用支持了使用较为主流的第三方社交APP（如微信等）直接登录，但总体来看，这种各大网站直接分散割裂而导致用户需要注册大量账号的问题依然存在。 Users often have to register a large number of website accounts to access different sites. In response, while many applications support direct access to more mainstream third-party socialization APPs (e.g. micro-mails), overall, the fragmentation of these large sites, leading to a large number of accounts that users need to register, remains a problem. 总体来说，用户需要通过注册，才能够使用中心化机构管理的域名和账户系统来访问应用。用户如何做到无许可、更低门槛访问各类互联网应用？ In general, users need to register to be able to access applications using a centralized agency-managed domain name and account system. 不同于Web2.0的中心化特点，Web3.0世界用户登录行为依靠去中心化身份，DID （Decentralized IDentity）。最常用的一类DID即用户仅使用一个链上账号（区块链公钥地址，以0x开头的42位字符串）来访问各类Web3.0的DApp，即单点登录。 Unlike the centralization features of Web 2.0, Web3.0 world users rely on decentralised identity, DD (decisionralized identity). The most common type of DD, i.e. users, uses only one chain account number (block chain public key address, 42-digit string at 0x) to access all types of Web3.0 Dapps, i.e. single-point login. 虽然为Web3.0的用户安全提供更自由、门槛更低的访问体验，然而过长的公钥显然难以记忆、可读性差。构建在以太坊上面的域名系统，ENS（Ethereum Name Service）的出现正是致力于这一问题的解决，将用户的钱包地址与自定义的域名进行连接，如将类似0xaa111aaa1aa11aaa11a111a111aa1a1a11a11111的钱包地址改为GuoSheng.eth。 While providing a freer and lower-threshold access experience for Web3.0 users, it is clear that too long public keys are difficult to remember and have poor readability. The emergence of ENS (Etheeum Name Service), built on a domain name system above the Etherm, is precisely the solution to this problem by connecting the user's wallet address to a custom domain name, such as changing a wallet similar to 0xaa111aaaa11aa111a111a aa11111 to GuoSheng.eth. 这一更为可读的域名。在之后登录各类DApp时，就可以使用GuoSheng.eth这一域名进行登录，用户之间可以通过此域名进行转账交互等行为。 This more readable domain name. When you log in all types of DApp, you can log in using the GuoSheng.eth domain name, which allows transfer interactions among users, etc. 总结而言，更为开放的Web3.0则支持用户仅使用一个账户（钱包地址）完成访问DApp、与其他用户进行交互等各种操作。ENS的出现解决了Web3.0中用户互动的可读性难题，为单点登录创造了更便利的条件。 In summary, a more open Web3.0 supports the use of only one account (the wallet address) to complete access to Dapp and interact with other users. The emergence of ENS solves the readability challenge of user interaction in Web3.0 and creates more convenient conditions for single-point login. 构建在以太坊上的ENS可以 支持多链地址的解析。用户可以将同一个ENS域名在比特币、以太坊和莱特币等不同链解析的不同的地址，同时ENS也具备内容寻址的功能（不同于Web2.0的IP寻址），解析到互联网应用网站平台。 The ENS, which is built in the Tai Chamber, supports multi-chain addresses . Users can interpret the same ENS domain in different chains, such as Bitcoin, Taiya and Letco, and the ENS also has content search functions (different IP addresses from Web 2.0) to the Internet application website platform. 可以想象，未来的Web3.0时代，用户在元宇宙中遨游（可以跨多个应用），无须注册许可，而通过一个简短的域名账户进行登录即可。 It is conceivable that in the future Web3.0 era, users travel in the meta-cosm (which can cross multiple applications) without a licence to register, and simply log in through a short domain name account. 3.1.2. MASK Network：通向Web3.0的开放大门 3.1.2. MASKNetwork: Open gate to Web3.0 Mask Network是一组连接传统Web2.0应用与Web3.0应用的插件，为前者用户提供了进入Web3.0的大门。其开发的技术框架Dapplet（Decentralized Applet）支持在目标网站（如Facebook、Twitter等传统Web2.0网站）。 Mask Network is a set of plugins linking traditional Web 2.0 applications to Web3.0 applications, providing the former users with access to Web3.0. The technology framework it developed is Dapplet (decisionralized Applet) supported on target sites (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, etc.). 将小程序嵌入其中，以此在中心化的Web2.0中实现小程序的去中心化。之后其与Arweave展开合作，支持在Facebook、Twitter上进行去中心化文件的上传和存储。 It then works with Arweave to support the uploading and storage of decentralised documents on Facebook and Twitter. 当前，用户只用在浏览器中安装Mask插件，即可在Twitter或Facebook上查看Token价格、进行swap、参与ITO（Initial Twitter Offering）以及参与社区投票（借助如snapshot等Web3.0应用）。同时还支持用户将链上资产（包括NFT收藏、捐赠记录）汇总至Twitter。 Currently, users can only install Mask plugins in browsers to view Token prices on Twitter or Facebook, to do swap, to participate in the International Twitter Network and to participate in community voting (by using Web3.0 applications such as snapshot). Users are also supported in bringing assets from the chain (including NFT collections, donated records) to Twitter. Mask带来的开放性是显而易见的，即任何Web2.0中的用户都可在不借助任何中心化APP或平台的前提下，通过Mask来直接访问Web3.0并进行相关活动。 The openness brought about by Mask is obvious, i.e. any user in Web 2.0 has direct access to Web3.0 and related activities through Mask, without any centralized APP or platform. Mask将开放的Web3.0世界，通过零门槛的方式展现在了每位Web2.0用户眼前。也就是说，MASK将Twitter与区块链平台打通，用户可以自由地在多个平台应用之间遨游。这在Web2.0生态下几乎很难做到。 The Web 3.0 world, which Mask will open, is presented to every Web 2.0 user in a zero-threshold way. That is, MASK connects Twitter to block-chain platforms and allows users to travel freely between multiple platform applications. This is almost impossible under the Web 2.0 ecology. 3.1.3. Polkdot：连接Web3.0内鸿沟的桥 3.1.3. Polkdot: Bridge connecting the gap within Web3.0 常有投资者问起：未来是一个元宇宙还是多个元宇宙？它们之间能否互通？ Investors often ask: Is the future a meta-cosmos or a multi-cosmos? Can they connect? 互通分多个层次，应用层、协议层等，一个重要的问题是NFT等数字资产无论是存放在联盟链（蚂蚁链、至信链、长安链等）还是公链（以太坊、比特币等），跨链互通是最基本的，而区块链本身是个带时间戳的账本，如何实现互操作？ One important question is how do digital assets, such as NFT, are interoperable, whether stored in a chain of alliances (ant, to letter, to long-term security, etc.) or in a public chain (Etheria, Bitcoin, etc.), where cross-links are essential, and where the chain itself is a time-stamped account book, how can they be interoperable? 不同公链之间是无法直接传递消息和执行操作的，Web3.0内部诸多应用协议（可能是基于不同的底层公链）之间的鸿沟往往通过跨链的方式实现互联互通。 There is no direct transmission of messages and operationalization between the different public chains, and the gap between the many application agreements within Web3.0 (which may be based on different bottom public chains) tends to be interconnected across the chain. 当然，Web3.0协议之间跨接一般不需要第三方主体进行授权（注册），这一点仍然遵循Web3.0的开放性原则。跨链可以是跨链资产桥（类似于多链资产兑换银行），也可以是波卡、Cosmos这类多链协议。 Of course, the trans-shipment between the Web3.0 agreements generally does not require authorization (registration) by third-party subjects, which remains in line with the principle of openness of Web3.0. Cross-links can be cross-chain asset bridges (like multi-chain asset exchange banks) or multi-chain agreements such as Poca and Cosmos. 波卡（Polkadot）是一个可伸缩的异构多链系统，能够传递任何数据（不只限于代币）到所有区块链，实现各个链之间资产与数据的互相流通。波卡是由Web3基金会发起的项目，由以太坊前CTO Gavin Wood主导的Parity团队进行设计和开发。 Polkadot is a scalable multi-chain system that transmits any data (not limited to tokens) to all block chains and allows the flow of assets and data between the various chains. Poca is a project initiated by the Web3 Foundation, designed and developed by the Paris team led by the former CTO Gavin Wood in Etheria. 波卡网络的基础构架包括中继链（Relay Chain）、平行链（Parachain）和转接桥（Bridge），波卡是一个真正的多链应用环境，使跨链注册和跨链计算等类似操作成为可能。 The basic architecture of the Boca network consists of Relay Chain, Parachain and Bridge, a truly multi-chain application environment that allows for similar operations such as cross-chain registration and cross-chain computing. 如果是比特币是计算器（电子现金系统）、以太坊是区块链世界的计算机，那么波卡就是路由器或者交换机，在计算设备（无论是windows系统还是苹果系统，甚至是移动设备）之间可以传递数据，实现万链互联。 If Bitcoin is a calculator (electronic cash system) and Ether is a block-chained world computer, then Boca is a router or a switch that transmits data between computing devices (whether windows or apple systems, or even mobile devices) to achieve a 10,000-chain connection. 站在这个角度，波卡解决的问题不仅仅是公链自身性能瓶颈（更快的交易处理速度），而是从更丰富的角度解决扩展性——使得原本不兼容的链之间实现互操作，为多链共存的未来世界提供中枢或者路由。波卡系统是由一堆独立运行的区块链组成的，波卡为这些区块链（成为平行链）提供中继路由。 From this perspective, Poca is addressing not just the public chain’s own bottlenecks in performance (a faster processing of transactions), but also expansion from a more enriching perspective – making the previously incompatible chains interoperable and providing a hub or route for a future world of multi-chain coexistence. The Poca system is made up of an array of independently operating blocks that provide a relay to these chains (which become parallel chains). 波卡作为中继链，为平行链间传递消息提供基础设施，值得注意的是，所传递的消息不仅限于代币（Token），而是任意数据；平行链之间的类型可以不同（异构）。 这一点非常重要，目前的区块链作为一个分布式账本，矿工处理的工作主要就是维护账户，区块内最核心的数据就是账户代币余额，其他文本数据可以作为附注写入，但很难在区块间自由传递消息；并且，跨接的两条区块链可以是不同类型（甚至是私有链）。 This is very important, since the current block chain, as a distributed book, is handled mainly by miners who maintain accounts, the most central data in the block is the account token balance, other text data can be written as notes, but it is difficult to transmit messages freely between blocks; and the two interlocking blocks chain can be of different types (or even private chains). 基于波卡可以在公共、开放、未经许可的区块链以及私有、许可区块链之间传输此数据。波卡是真正的多链应用程序环境，在其中可以进行跨链注册表和跨链计算之类的事情。例如，学校的许可链上的私有学术记录链可以向公共链上的学位验证智能合约发送证明。 Based on the fact that Poca can transmit this data between public, open, unauthorized block chains and private, licensed block chains. Poca is the true multi-chain application environment in which cross-chain registration forms and cross-chain calculations can be performed. For example, a private academic record chain in a school’s licensing chain can send proof of intellectual contracts to degrees in a public chain. 再例如，跟先前主要作为独立环境运行的网络不同，波卡提供了互操作性和跨链通信。这为创新的新服务打开了大门，同时，也允许用户在链之间进行信息传输。例如，提供交易代币化的股票（用代币来标记股票）的交易所的链，可以跟提供股票交易所帧数数据的链（预言机链）通信，例如为代币化的股票交易提供喂价。 For example, Boca provides interoperable and cross-linkage communications, unlike networks that previously operated mainly as independent environments. This opens the door to new and innovative services, while allowing users to transmit information between chains. 3.2. 隐私：数据所有权和价值的转移 3.2. Privacy: ownership of data and transfer of value 数据隐私已成为全球监管的焦点问题，现行的解决方案一是强化法律保护，让使用者意识到盗用用户数据是违法行为；二是引入隐私计算，通过同态加密、多方安全计算、可信执行环境等技术，保证数据在使用过程中是明文不可见的。 Data privacy has become the focus of global regulation, and the current solution is to strengthen legal protection to make users aware of the illegality of misappropriation of user data, and to introduce privacy calculations to ensure that data are explicitly invisible in their use through technologies such as homogenous encryption, multiple-safe computing, and a credible enforcement environment. 在Web3.0时代，用户将倾向于用更彻底的方式保护个人数据隐私，从而引发数据所有权和价值的转移。随着应用的去中心化，链上数据可查的情况下，用户行为、产生的数据乃至应用协议亦需得到隐私保护。隐私保护是多方面的，包括基础区块链平台隐私保护、存储数据隐私（分布式存储）、用户私钥管理、匿名协议等多方面。 In the Web3.0 era, users will tend to protect personal data privacy in a more thorough manner, thereby triggering a transfer of ownership and value. As the application is decentralised, the user’s behaviour, the resulting data, and even the application protocol are subject to privacy protection. 本节以Horizen、NuCypher为例探讨Web3.0隐私特点，前者可以为用户（包括企业用户）提供一个不上传本地隐私数据前提下完成开发的基础区块链平台，企业可以借此为用户提供区块链相关服务。 This section explores the privacy features of Web3.0 in the case of Horizen, NuCypher, which can provide users (including business users) with a basic block chain platform that can be developed without sending local privacy data, and which can be used by businesses to provide service to users in relation to the block chain. 但又充分保护了企业的隐私数据；后者为Web3.0用户提供了一个分布式私钥共享/托管平台，不同于Web2.0时代中心化机构托管用户账户的方式（让渡部分隐私），Web3.0的管理也可以去中心化地交给网络。 However, business privacy data are fully protected; the latter provides a distributed private key sharing/hosting platform for Web3.0 users, and unlike the way the Web 2.0-era centralization institutions host user accounts (transfer partial privacy), the management of Web3.0 can also be centrally handed over to the network. 3.2.1. Horizen：保护隐私前提下的开发平台 3.2.1. Horizen: Platform for development in the context of privacy protection Horizen原名Zencash，致力于打造隐私保护和基础区块链平台，为用户或企业可以在不上传本地隐私数据的前提下提供开发平台。Horizen由主链和侧链构成。 Horizen, originally known as Zencash, works to build a platform for privacy protection and basic block chains that can be developed by users or businesses without sending local privacy data. Horizen主链主要是为用户的交互提供简单且安全的价值传输和存储层，通过原生治理代币ZEN为整个Horizen的生态运转提供支持，以及为侧链提供必要的基础架构。 The Horizen main chain mainly provides a simple and secure value transfer and storage layer for users'interactions, supports the ecological functioning of the entire Horizen through the native management of Zen, and provides the necessary infrastructure for the side chain. 而具体功能的实现以及网络基础结构等均由侧链开发完成，从而能够针对特定的用例进行更为复杂的性能优化，增强其可扩展性和安全性。Horizen侧链又称Zendoo，其具有极高的扩展性和设计性。侧链有独立的共识机制与加密算法，并且真正的实现了去中心化。 The realization of specific functions and the development of network infrastructure are accomplished by the development of side chains, which allow for more complex performance optimization for specific cases, enhancing their scalability and security. The Horizen side chain, also known as Zendoo, is extremely expansive and design-oriented. The side chain has independent consensus mechanisms and encryption algorithms, and is truly decentralised. 开发者可通过Horizen开放的一套标准通用组件ZEN侧链开发套件（SDK）来迅速完成区块链的开发，从而节省区块链的构建时间。利用侧链附带的零知识证明工具可以在不上传本地隐私数据的前提下，完成企业需求的开发。 The developers can quickly complete the development of the block chain through a standard generic module, ZEN Side Chain Development Suite (SDK), which is open in Horizen, thereby saving the building time of the block chain. The development of business needs can be done using the zero-knowledge proof tool attached to the side chain without sending local privacy data. 同时，主链与侧链之间可以通过其独创的跨链传输协议CCTP（The CrossChain Transfer Protocol）实现代币ZEN以及数据的互联传输，为解决可扩展性问题提供基础保障。 At the same time, the connection between the main chain and the side chain can be achieved through its original trans-chain transmission protocol, the CrossChain Transfer Protocol, which provides a basic safeguard for addressing the problem of scalability. Horizen采用Zk-snark（零知识证明）以及防51%攻击等安全解决方案构建了一个具有极高隐私保护性以及安全性的Web3.0区块链平台，为用户与开发者提供隐私保护。 Horizen built a web3.0 block chain platform with very high privacy protection and safety through security solutions such as Zk-snark (zero knowledge certificate) and 51 per cent protection against attacks, which provides privacy protection to users and developers. 3.2.2. NuCypher：Web3.0的分布式密钥管理系统 不同于Web2.0应用的密钥托管（一般由互联网公司或第三方托管），区块链私钥管理，对很多初级用户来说是一个难题，而多方共享私钥管理（去中心化的方式）则是一个更为现实的需求。用户该如何借助互联网协议安全地管理和共享私钥呢？ Unlike key hosting (generally hosted by Internet companies or third parties) for Web 2.0 applications, block chain private key management is a challenge for many primary users, while multi-shared private key management (decentralized) is a more realistic need. How can users safely manage and share private keys using Internet protocol? 也就是说，多方共享私钥管理可以将私钥托管给一个去中心化的网络协议（而非Web2.0那样交给互联网公司），在指定的用户间安全共享，使得用户解决了进入Web3.0之前最基础的需求。 In other words, multi-shared private key management can host a decentralised network protocol (rather than Web 2.0) and securely share among designated users, allowing users to address their most basic needs before entering Web3.0. NuCypher能够在互联网上任意数量的用户之间共享私钥，同时使用其核心技术——代理重加密来代理解密权限。其原生代币NU主要用于奖励网络节点参与者来执行密钥管理和权限代理/回收的操作。 NuCypher is able to share private keys among any number of users on the Internet, while using its core technology, proxy re-encryption, to understand confidentiality. The original NU is used primarily to reward network node participants for key management and permission agent/recycling operations. 传统中心化密钥管理系统（KMS）的用户密钥交由中心化第三方存储，在第三方存储机构安全的前提下，用户密钥可以得到较为充分且安全的保护。 The user keys of the traditional centralised key management system (KMS) are placed in centralized third-party storage and, subject to the security of third-party storage institutions, the user keys are more adequately and securely protected. 在用户双方需要进行数据传输时，数据发送者需要从第三方机构调用数据接收者的公钥对数据进行加密，之后数据接收者使用自己的私钥对数据进行解密。但其缺点在于，数据发送者只能使用数据接收者的公钥进行加密，数据传输后数据接收者可以永久保留对数据的访问权限。 When both users need data transmission, the data sender needs to encrypt the data from the public key of the recipient of the data from a third-party institution, after which the data recipient uses its own private key to decrypt the data. The disadvantage is that the data sender can only encrypt the data by using the public key of the data recipient and the data recipient can permanently retain access to the data after the data transfer. 而NuCypher采取的代理重加密KMS使用第三方节点分布存储用户的密钥信息。在用户进行数据传输时，首先由数据发送者使用自身私钥和数据接收者公钥生成重新加密密钥，此后将密钥切分为[n]段，将每个片段分发给NuCypher上的节点进行保存。 The proxy encryption of KMS by NuCypher uses a third-party node distribution to store the key information of the user. When the user transmits the data, the data sender first uses its own private key and the data recipient's public key to generate the encryption key, then divides the key into [n] paragraphs and distributes each segment to the Node on NuCypher for preservation. 之后，数据接收者仅有权限在由数据发送者制定的时间段内访问该信息，数据发送者也可随时撤销数据接收者的访问权限。 Thereafter, data recipients only have access to the information within a time period established by the data sender, and data senders can withdraw data recipients'access at any time. 如此一来，NuCypher保证了数据发送者的加密授权主动性，同时分布式的密钥存储方案确保了用户密钥存储的安全性，为Web3.0数据传输的密钥管理提供了安全的保障。 In this way, NuCypher guarantees the encryption authorization initiative of the data sender, while the distributed key storage scheme ensures the security of the user's key storage and provides secure security for the key management of Web3.0 data transmission. 3.3. DAO：共建、共治和共享价值的网络世界 3.3. DAO: Networked world of shared, shared and shared values 用户在Web2.0互联网应用中的内容创造是多方面受限的（受平台审核限制、跨平台限制），在社区治理方面的限制更甚，因此也就限制了用户在创作者经济共享方面的价值捕获。Web3.0开放性原则将打破这些限制，同时区块链的激励机制将内容经济的价值有效地反馈给创作者。 The content creation of users in Web 2.0 Internet applications is limited in many ways (by platform audits and cross-platform restrictions) and more so in community governance, thus limiting the value capture of users in the economic sharing of creators. The Web3.0 principle of openness will break these limitations, while incentive mechanisms in block chains effectively feed back the value of the content economy to creators. 3.3.1. Mirror：完全由用户主导的内容创作平台 3.3.1. Mirror: a fully user-led content creation platform Mirror类似于Medium、Substack等博客类内容创作平台。其解决的问题在于，在传统自媒体中，内容创作者可以输出创意，但获得是收益是有限的，且面临IP被盗问题，能否将创意固化为资产并支持交易？Mirror当前主要功能包括： Mirror is like a content creation platform for blogs like Medium, Substack, etc.. The problem is that in traditional media, content creators can export ideas, but gain limited benefits and face IP theft, and can they be solidified into assets and support transactions? Mirror’s main current functions include: 1）作品（Entries）： Entries是Mirror主要的内容创作模块，创作者可以在此处进行文档编辑，编辑支持纯文本+Markdown（类似话题标签）的格式，同时Mirror还支持直接将Medium或Substack等其他平台的文章迁移至Mirror。 Entries is Mirror's main content creation module, where creators can edit documents and edit formats that support pure text + Markdown (like a subject label), while Mirror also supports the direct migration of articles from other platforms, such as Medium or Substack, to Mirror. 对于创作者的每一篇产出，Mirror均支持将其直接铸造为NFT。NFT在链上完成铸造之后，创作者便可将其作品以NFT的形式出售。这样一来，便解决了内容创作者的收益问题。创作者还可将作品永久存储在分布式存储平台Arweave上，保证作品的永久性存储。 For every product produced by the creator, Mirror supports its creation as a direct NFT. When NFT is finished on the chain, the creator sells its work in the form of NFT. 2）众筹（Crowdfunds）： 众筹模块支持创作者进行任何形式内容的众筹，并且可以基于每个支持者的资助金额为支持者分发相应的支持者代币（由众筹发起者铸造），众筹前三名还可获得独特的NFT奖励。此代币可以理解为支持者所持有的股份。 The crowd-mobilization module supports the creators in any form of content, and can be based on the amount of funding each backer distributes to its supporters the corresponding tokens (created by its sponsors), and the top three get a unique NFT reward. 若作品铸造为NFT后出售获得了相应收益，可以此为基准进行相应的收益分配。而NFT则是项目社区成员的标志，从而自然而然的建立起一个DAO。 If the work is forged as a NFT, the proceeds will be distributed accordingly for the benchmark. 3）收益拆分（Splits）： 3 (Splits): 收益拆分模块支持创作者将作品收益或拍卖收益分发给其他多个实体，以此来与合作者共享共同作品的收益。拆分至少需要在两个账户地址之间进行，并且各实体之间的拆分百分比之和必须为100%。 The split module supports the creator in distributing the proceeds of the work or auction to multiple other entities as a means of sharing the proceeds of the common work with the collaborators. 这样一来，在创作者提前预设好收益分配比例和规则之后，每一笔收益都将由智能合约自动完成收益分配的过程，避免中心化收益分配的不透明。 Thus, after the creators pre-arranged rates and rules for the distribution of proceeds, each gain will be automatically completed by an intelligent contract, avoiding a lack of transparency in the distribution of centralized proceeds. 4）NFT铸造（Editions）： NFT casting (Editions): Editions模块为Mirror的NFT铸造模块，用户可以使用此模块在Mirror上铸造NFT作品，其中包括价格、媒体文件（当前支持.jpg, .png, .gif, 和.mp4四类文件）、总供应量以及资金首款地址四个创作者自定参数。铸造好之后会生成该NFT地址，同时会加上相应的editionID，该地址可以直接嵌入Mirror的其他文章，在链接下方显示NFT。 The Editions module is an NFT casting module for Mirror, which users can use to cast NFT works on Mirror, including prices, media files (currently supporting.jpg,.png,.gif, and.mp4, the total supply and the four creators' self-defined parameters for the initial address of the fund. The NFT address will be generated after the casting and will be accompanied by the corresponding editionID, which can be directly embedded in other Mirror articles, showing NFT under the link. 5）拍卖（Auctions）： 通过拍卖板块，创作者可以将自己创作的NFT作品进行拍卖。创作者需要设定拍卖的保留价格和持续时间，每次出价应不小于上次价格的10%。拍卖同样可以创建对应的URL地址嵌入Entries模块之中，拍卖结束后的收益可以直接转入创作者设定的钱包地址，也可转入众筹或收益拆分模块。 The auction can also create a corresponding URL address embedded in the Entries module, and the proceeds from the auction can be transferred directly to the wallet address set by the creator or to the public fund-raising or profit-splitting module. 6）投票（Token Race）： 投票功能服务于众筹之后所形成的DAO，其形式类似于Snapshot。众筹的参与者自然而然的组成了DAO，通过投票功能可以参与DAO的决策，实施社区的各类决议，在此基础上形成了创作者社区的能力闭环。 The voting function serves the DAO, which is similar to the one created by Snapshot. The popular participants naturally form the DAO, through which they can participate in the decision-making process of the DAO and implement community resolutions, which result in the closing of the creative community’s capacity. Mirror作为Web3.0最重要的内容创作平台之一，允许任何一个Web3.0用户在其中创作自己的作品，并围绕其开展各类活动。更重要的是，创作者自身完全拥有自己的创作作品，可以完全支配其作品而不受Mirror平台的影响。 Mirror, one of the most important content creation platforms in Web3.0, allows any Web3.0 user to create his own work and carry out all kinds of activities around it. 通过Crowdfunds，Splits和Token Race等模块，创作者可以创建属于每位社区成员的内容社区，并与成员共同建设属于每个人的社区。 Through modules such as Crowdfunds, Splits and Token Race, creators can create content communities belonging to each member of the community and work with them to build communities belonging to everyone. 作为Web3.0前沿且理想主义的探索，Mirror所实现的方案仍有借鉴意义。 As a cutting-edge and idealistic exploration of Web3.0, Mirror's programme remains relevant. 3.3.2. Gitcoin：代码与资源的共享共治平台 3.3.2. Gitcoin: Platform for Shared Governance of Codes and Resources 在传统网络世界中，如果你有个新奇的想法需要实现怎么办？设立一家公司去拿风投？在大公司争取个创新部门？去一个众筹平台？去车库咖啡碰碰运气？这些看起来都效率偏低，能不能有个平台让新奇的点子、投资者人和代码实现者之间架起桥梁？ In the traditional web world, what if you have a new idea that needs to be realized? To set up a company to get winddrops? To get an innovation department in a big company? To go to a crowd-sourcing platform? To hit luck with garage coffee? These seem to be inefficient. Can there be a platform to build bridges between novel ideas, investors and code performers? Gitcoin是基于以太坊构建的去中心化协作平台，其为开发者提供了一个开发协作平台，同时为投资者提供了一个捐赠平台（加密货币捐赠）。可以简单理解为项目的代码和资金的众筹、共享平台。其核心功能主要有： Gitcoin is a decentralised collaborative platform built by the Tails, which provides developers with a collaborative platform for development and a donor platform for investors (encrypted money donation). It can be understood simply as a crowd-sourcing and shared platform for project codes and funds. Its core functions are: 1）赏金（Bounties）： 1) Bonus: 该分区主要面向广大Web3.0开发者，开发者可通过发布赏金（Bounty）来针对指定问题寻求外部帮助，其他开发者可以通过解决该问题而获得赏金奖励。基于此，项目开发者可以更好的建设社区项目，而解决问题的开发者则可获得相应的奖励。 The division is aimed primarily at a wide range of Web3.0 developers, who can seek external help on a given issue by issuing a bounty (Bounty), and others can get a reward for solving the problem. 2）黑客松（Hackathons）： 2) Hackathons: 该分区下集成有许多Hackathon项目，开发者可在此处加入由各个项目方所赞助的黑客松比赛，依照其主题开发相应的产品。 There are many Hackathon projects integrated in the subsector, where developers can join the hacker pine competition sponsored by individual project participants to develop their products according to their themes. 3）捐赠（Grants）： 3 (Grants): 在捐赠分区，用户可以向一些初创且具有公共物品性质的项目进行捐赠，捐赠结束后，部分项目可能会向捐赠用户给予空投回报。Gitcoin捐赠的核心创新在于二次方融资（Quadratic Funding）。在进行二次方融资时，项目所获资金为社区成员捐出资金的“平方根之和的平方”，即 The core innovation of Gitcoin’s donation is Quadratic Funding. 之后基金会将根据每个项目的社区二次方融资金额按比例进行配捐。如在一轮募资中共有两个项目Grant1与Grant2，Grant1获得来自10个人的1美金等值加密货币的捐赠，共计10美金。 There are two projects, Grant 1 and Grant 2, for which Grant 1 receives an encoded monetary contribution of US$ 1 from 10 individuals for a total of US$ 10. 而Grant2获得来自1个人的10美金捐赠，共计也是10美金。此时若基金会配捐额度为1100美金，根据二次方融资公式，Grant1能获得的二次方融资票数为 Grant 2 received a $10 donation from one individual, which is also $10. At this point, if the Foundation makes a contribution of $1,100, Grant 1 will get a second-party financing vote based on the Qualitative Financing formula. 而Grant2能获得的二次方融资票数为 And the number of second-party financing votes that Grant 2 gets is... 。因此按照两个项目二次方融资的票数，Grant1所能获得的基金会配捐为 . Therefore, according to the number of votes for the secondary financing of the two projects, the grant of the grant available to Grant1 is: ，而Grant2所能获得的基金会配捐为 And the grant that Grant 2 can get is: 这样一来，获得基金会配捐的往往是那些投票人数更多的项目，而并非投票金额最多的项目。一方面鼓励了更多用户参与捐赠投票，从而票选出公共服务性最强的项目。另一方面大大增加了骗取基金会配捐的成本，降低了配捐风险。 In this way, it is often the projects that receive grants from foundations that have more votes than the ones that have the most votes. On the one hand, more users are encouraged to participate in donor voting, thus voting for the most public-service projects. On the other hand, the costs of sourcing grants from foundations have been greatly increased, reducing the risk of donations. 4）探索（Quests）： 4 (Quests): 该板块可以支持用户以一种游戏的方式去了解Web3.0世界以及各类生态系统，用户可以在题库中选择自己感兴趣的题目展开学习，之后以问答攻击的形式检验学习成果（每回答正确一题，系统生成的机器人会减少一滴血），击败机器人之后可获得相应的奖励，因此其本质为Learn2Earn的一种。 The plate supports users in finding out about the Web3.0 world and the various ecosystems in a game-by-play way, where users choose topics of their interest to study, then test learning results in the form of question-and-answer attacks (where each answer is correct, the robots generated by the system are reduced by one drop of blood) and receive a corresponding reward for defeating the robot, which is therefore one of the types of Learn2Earn. 5）荣誉（Kudos）： 5) Honours (Kudos): Kudos是一种用户之间相互表达赞赏和建立关系的一种新方式。如用户A想通过Gitcoin向用户B表达感谢时，其可在Kudos市场购买荣誉勋章，将其赠送给用户A。（勋章本身可视作某种形式的NFT） Kudos is a new way of expressing mutual appreciation and building relationships among users. If user A wishes to thank user B through Gitcoin, it can purchase a medal of honour at Kudos market and give it to user A. (The medal itself can be considered as some form of NFT) 6）学习（Kernal）： 6 (Kernal): Kernal是一个点对点学习社区，其通过由社区成员构建的八周课程，为想要深入理解Web3.0的用户提供了绝佳的平台，其内容包括以太坊发展历史、全球金融体系、代币经济学等多方面的知识。 Kernal is a point-to-point learning community that provides an excellent platform for users who want to deepen their understanding of Web3.0 through an eight-week course organized by community members, which includes a wide range of knowledge such as Taiwan's development history, the global financial system, and the economics of tokens. Gitcoin为各类Web3.0初创项目以及想要进一步了解Web3.0的用户提供了最为友好的孵化平台和学习平台。对于项目而言，从黑客松的开始，到捐赠的发展，充满公共性的Web3.0项目在每一个用户的支持下发展，最后又回馈Web3.0用户。 Gitcoin provides the most friendly incubation and learning platform for all types of Web3.0 start-up projects and users who want to learn more about Web3.0. For the project, from the beginning of hackers to the development of donations, Web3.0 is developed with the support of each user, and eventually returns to Web3.0 users. 对于用户而言，在这里了解Web3.0，支持Web3.0，通过对项目的捐赠，共建Web3.0。在这里，每个人都能为Web3.0的建设贡献自己的力量，实现真正的共建、共享与共治。 For users, we know about Web3.0 here, we support Web3.0, we build Web3.0 through donations to projects. Here, everyone can contribute to the construction of Web3.0 and achieve true co-construction, sharing and co-governance. 3.4. 元宇宙：Web3推动“现实世界”与“虚拟世界”的融合 Web3.0时代，元宇宙将是一个极富想象力和创造力的网络形态。Web2时代，人们习惯以“虚拟世界”和“现实世界”来作为线上线下世界的界限。构筑在Web3基础上的元宇宙，将是所谓“现实世界”和“虚拟世界”的深度融合。 In the Web3.0 era, the meta-cosm will be a highly imaginative and creative form of network. In the Web2, people used the “virtual world” and “real world” as the boundaries of the world below the line. The meta-cosm, built on the Web3, will be a deep blend of the so-called “real world” and “virtual world”. Web2时代的互联网存在着明显的生态界限（这是由于中心化公司运作方式下的结果），一家互联网巨头控制住生态的核心准入，跨生态的应用是比较少的——例如在线支付工具跨生态的限制、重要互联网应用入口之间超链接的屏蔽。 There are clear ecological boundaries in the Web2 era (as a result of the way in which centralized companies operate), core access to the ecology is controlled by an Internet giant, and there are relatively few cross-ecological applications — for example, cross-ecological restrictions on online payment tools, and barriers to hyperlinks between important Internet access points. 所谓的互联网应用，其实被限制在不同生态局域内的活动。而Web3时代的元宇宙世界，Web2时代的“鸿沟”和界限将被打破。 So-called Internet applications are actually limited to activities in different ecological local areas. And the “disparities” and boundaries of the Web2 era will be broken in the meta-cosmos world of the Web3 era. 除了上面章节提到的跨链应用解决了基于不同主链生态之间的融合之外，元宇宙世界与所谓的“现实世界”将不断融合。例如，一个元宇宙中的主体，除了在DeFi市场从事经济活动，也可以持有现实世界的资产权益。 In addition to the cross-chain application mentioned in the preceding section, which solves the problem of integration between different chains of ecology, the world of the meta-cosmos and the so-called “real world” will continue to be integrated. For example, the subject of a meta-cosm, in addition to engaging in economic activity in the DeFi market, can also hold real-world asset rights. 也就是说，元宇宙中的资产，并不存在“虚拟世界”账户与“现实世界”账户系统之间的隔离，元宇宙将是“现实世界”与“虚拟世界”的融合形态。一般会认为，元宇宙的世界虽然由用户共建，不同应用之间可以自由地通过各种手段打通融合，但元宇宙的虚拟世界无法与现实世界的资产账户打通。 In other words, there is no separation between the “virtual world” account and the “real world” account system in the metacosystem, which is a form of integration between the “real world” and the “virtual world.” It is generally believed that, while the world of the metacosystem is built by users together, it can be integrated freely by all means, but the virtual world of the metacocosystem cannot connect with the real world’s asset accounts. 因为现实世界存在生态之间的隔离，所以“外部的元宇宙”更无法打入目前Web2时代的生态。基于DeFi的合成资产应用（如mirror（本节的mirror与3.3节项目重名，为不同项目）或synthetix），我们将看到如何以降维打击的模式将Web2世界的资产映射到Web3世界来。 Because there is ecological isolation in the real world, the “external metacosystem” is less able to penetrate the ecology of the current Web2 era. Based on the synthetic asset applications of DeFi (e.g., Mirror and 3.3 projects renamed in this section, different projects) or synthetix, we will see how the assets of the Web2 world can be mapped to the Web3 world in a reduced-dimensional mode. 上线于2020年12月4日的Mirror Protocol（基于Terra公链）是一个可追踪股票、期货、交易所交易基金和其他传统金融资产价格的合成资产（Mirrored Assets，MmAssets）铸造平台——甚至可以将加密货币（比特币、以太坊等）映射到平台铸造代币的代币，MIR（Mirror Token）为平台的治理代币。 Mirror Protocol (based on Terra's public chain) on 4 December 2020 is a synthetic asset (Mirrored Assets, MmAssets) that can trace the prices of stocks, futures, exchange funds and other traditional financial assets — and can even map encrypted currency (bitcoin, Ether, etc.) into the monetized token of the platform, and Mir (Mirror Token) is the platform's governing token. 用户可以通过超额抵押UST（TerraUSD，锚定美元的稳定币）或者已有的mAssets合成mAssets，不同的mAsset将会与不同的股票、期货、基金等资产的价格对应。赎回时，需要用户通过Mirror平台销毁铸造时产生的 mAssets，智能合约会收取一部分手续费并返还给用户铸造时抵押的 UST 或 mAssets。 Users can over-encumber UST (TerraUSD, a stable dollar anchor) or the existing mAssets synthesize mAssets, with different mAssets corresponding to the prices of different stocks, futures, funds, etc. 简单说，Mirror就是将传统金融市场（或者加密市场）的资产合成为Token的形式，映射到加密货币世界。比如，可以在Mirror平台上铸造特拉斯的股票通证——mTSLA，也可以讲ETH代币映射到Mirror平台——铸造mETH代币。 Simply put, Mirror is a way of synthesizing the assets of traditional financial markets (or encrypted markets) into Token, mapping the world of encrypted currencies. For example, a stock pass that can be forged on the Mirror platform – mTSLA – or it can be said that the ETH token is mapd on the Mirror platform – the mETH token. 实际上用户获得mAssets并不等同于购买了相对应的金融资产，所以也不存在股票分红等收益——但由于价格跟金融资产关联、且有抵押物支撑合成资产的价值，所以可以理解为合成资产可以获得对应金融资产的部分收益权，也可以将其类比为金融资产的期货（不可交割）。 In fact, the acquisition of mAssets by users is not equivalent to the purchase of the corresponding financial assets, so there are no dividends such as equity dividends - because prices are linked to financial assets and collateral supports the value of synthetic assets, it can be understood that a share of the proceeds of the corresponding financial assets can be obtained for synthetic assets and can be compared to futures (non-distributable) of the financial assets. 目前平台已经上线26种合成资产，包括特斯拉、苹果等股票和BTC、ETH等主流加密货币资产，以特斯拉股票代币为例，24小时流动性尝过1480万美元，交易量在百万美元级别，Mirror平台总流动性已经超过10亿美元。 Twenty-six synthetic assets, including Tesla, Apple and BTC, ETH and others, are currently online, with Tesla shares, for example, having a 24-hour liquidity taste of $14.8 million, transactions in millions of United States dollars, and the Mirror platform, for its total liquidity, already exceeding $1 billion. Mirror平台上的个股价格是如何锚定真实现货市场？这就需要用到预言机机制，通过程序算法来链接两个市场的价格。具体详情请参与我们的报告《DeFi新金融（二）：超额抵押与资产映射》。 How does the share price on the Mirror platform anchor the real realization market? This requires a prognostic mechanism to link the prices of the two markets through a program algorithm. 类似Mirror或synthetix这类合成资产应用，相当于在Web2世界毫无感知的情况下，将资产映射到Web3世界。从这个意义上讲，基于Web3的元宇宙可以将“现实世界”资产融合进来。这也是Web3实现“开放”特点的例证。 Synthetic asset applications such as Mirror or Synthetix are equivalent to mapping assets to the Web3 world without any sense of the Web2 world. In this sense, a metacosystem based on Web3 can integrate “real world” assets. This is also an example of the “open” character of Web3. 四、向Web3.0流量价值新范式的演进 互联网重要的流量（入口）价值，在Web3.0时代会是怎样的范式？ The value of the important traffic (entry) on the Internet, what kind of paradigm would it be in the Web3.0 era? Web2.0争夺用户注意力和资金流量，从而实现流量价值变现。Web3.0时代，流量入口价值依旧重要，但绝不局限于此。 Web 2.0 competes for user attention and financial flows to realize the value of the flow. In the Web3.0, the value of the flow entrance remains important, but it is not limited to that. 例如，推动“DeFi Summer”的最大功臣之一的Uniswap，从面向用户的角度来说，同样想Web2.0一样的流量入口——用户利用其DEX协议完成交易兑换功能，用户支出的手续费作为协议（平台）的流量变现（其中一部分反馈给LP）。 For example, Uniswap, one of the top protagonists of the DeFi Summer, wants the same flow portal as Web 2.0 from a user-oriented point of view - users use their DEX protocols to complete their transaction exchange functions, and user fees as traffic realizations of the agreements (platforms) (part of which is fed back to LP). 站在这个角度看，Uniswap同Web2.0其他应用没什么本质区别。但作为基础DEX协议，Uniswap可以被其他协议调用，产生复合性特点（即所谓的DeFi乐高）。最典型的如收益机枪池、交易聚合器等应用。 From this point of view, Uniswap is not substantially different from the other Web 2.0 applications. But, as a basis for the DEX agreement, Uniswap can be called by other protocols, creating complex features (the so-called DeFi Lego). 用户在这些应用上完成DeFi“挖矿”收益、交易兑换功能，其背后往往是调用Uniswap等DEX协议，而这些协议对用户来说是隐藏在背后的，而且中间可能隔了多个协议调用过程。但对于Uniswap基础协议流量变现来说，效果是一样的。 Users complete the DeFi “mining” benefits, transactional exchange functions on these applications, often behind the call of Uniswap and other DEX protocols, which are hidden for users and may be separated from multiple protocols. But the effect is the same for Uniswap underlying flow realization. 由于Web3.0世界的开放性，这些调用不存在授权许可和生态界限等问题，完全是开放的。因此Web3.0的流量价值范式将呈现出开放化特点。另外，Web3.0流量价值还与协议调用的次数强相关。 当前我们看到的众多社交（微信、微博）、娱乐（Steam）、金融（东方财富）等平台都是Web1.0向Web2.0演进中的受益者，未来向Web3.0演进形态是怎样的？ The platforms of socialization (tweets, tweets), entertainment, finance, etc. that we're seeing today are the beneficiaries of Web1.0's evolution to Web 2.0. What is the shape of the future's evolution to Web3.0? Web3.0充满了想象力，其最终的落地形态现在并不能清晰判断。但其趋势已然出现苗头。在向Web3.0演进过程中，有很多Web 2.0和Web 3.0混合的形态的产品出现。这方面典型的代表是NFT交易平台Opensea和Metamask钱包。 Web3.0 is full of imagination, and its final landing pattern is not now clear, but its trend is already emerging. During the evolution to Web3.0, there are a lot of Web 2.0-Web 3.0-mixed products. This is typically represented by NFT trading platforms Opensea and Metamask wallets. Opensea的收入依靠NFT交易手续费，这类似传统的电商或者中心化交易所的模式。Metamask钱包有嵌入如Chrome等PC浏览器插件和手机app形式，作为重要的用户入口，Metamask集成了swap聚合功能，用户可以直接通过其调用DEX协议完成代币兑换，则额外付手续费给Metamask平台。 Opensea relies on NFT transaction fees, which are similar to those used in traditional power suppliers or centralized exchanges. Metamask’s wallets are embedded in PC browser plugins and mobile phone apps, such as Chhome’s, and, as an important user portal, Metamask is integrated into a swap aggregation function that allows users to exchange their currency directly through their call to DES agreements, with extra fees paid to the Metamask platform. 这两者都是典型的Web 2.0产品。但用户在这两个平台上操作则是Web 3.0世界的典型产品或功能。 Both are typical Web 2.0 products. However, users operate on both platforms as typical products or functions of the Web 3.0 world. 2021年下半年随着NFT交易市场的火爆，Opensea进入交易额和交易量激增时期，8月单月交易额超过34亿美元。作为应用最为广泛的浏览器钱包插件，Metamask的流量入口价值得以体现，用户基于其使用swap交易额和平台手续费亦有较大增长。2021年9月30日交易额近4亿美元，平台手续费收入350万美元。 With the boom in the NFT trading market in the second half of 2021, Opensea’s entry and turnover surged during the month of August, with single-month transactions exceeding $3.4 billion. The value of Metamask’s flow entrance, as the most widely applied browser wallet plugin, is reflected in a significant increase in user fees based on its use of swap transactions and platform fees. 这也许是目前最有意思的一个现象。用户基于对Web 3.0的信仰和向往，却化为Web 2.0商家的流量和收入。严格来说，Opensea和Metamask是再典型不过的Web 2.0产品，其流量变现模式极为简单和传统。 This is perhaps the most interesting phenomenon at present. Users, based on their faith in and desire for Web 3.0, translate into Web 2.0 business flows and revenues. Strictly speaking, Opensea and Metamask are the most typical Web 2.0 products, whose flow realization patterns are very simple and traditional. NFT交易和DeFi挖矿，这些看似是Web 3.0世界的基础构成，却最终为Web 2.0产品创造了流量价值。也许正是因为这个原因，Elon Musk在其推特上提到：“有人看到过Web 3.0吗？我没有”。 The NFT deal and the DeFi mine, which appear to be the basic composition of the Web 3.0 world, ultimately creates a flow value for Web 2.0 products. Perhaps that's why Elon Musk, on his Twitter page, said: "Did anyone see Web 3.0? I didn't?" 当然，这只是过渡时期的形态，也许这种形态要存在很长一段时间，但我们相信Web 3.0新的应用、新的产品逻辑和新的流量范式正在发生。 Of course, it's just a pattern of transition, perhaps for a long time, but we believe that new Web 3.0 applications, new product logic and new flow paradigms are happening. 从2D到3D？ From 2D to 3D? 近期随着百度希壤、网易伏羲等发布，而三星也在Decentraland上构建虚拟商店，市场逐步关注3D数字世界。而从2D向3D的演进有望成为普通用户最触手可及的变化。以国盛区块链研究院在Decentraland中的虚拟总部为例，虚拟建筑本身相当于团队首页，可以展示研究产品和团队情况，当然也可以通过虚拟人进行交互。 The evolution from 2D to 3D is expected to be the most accessible change for ordinary users. Using the Virtual Headquarters of the National Seizing Block Chain Institute in Decentraland, the virtual building itself is the front page of the team, where research products and teams can be displayed, and interactively, of course, through virtual people. 当需要路演时可在二楼路演大厅演示PPT或接入流媒体，观众可通过发放徽章NFT进行白名单管理。我们判断，在IT基础设施逐渐完备的基础上，2022年将有更多社交属性的流量将升级到3D。 When you need a road show, you can show a PPT or an access stream of media on the second floor, and the audience can use the logo NFT for white list management. We judge that the flow of more social attributes will be upgraded to 3D in 2022, based on the gradual completion of the IT infrastructure. 在传统Web2.0中，同时浏览首页的用户彼此之间并没有交互，而当进入3D世界后，社交欲望将更强，且通过NFT、皮肤等可以提高个体分辨度。我们认为，元宇宙的沉浸更多来自社交、分享和经济活动，而非限于AR/VR。 In the traditional Web 2.0, the users of the first page do not interact with each other, and when they enter the 3D world, the social desire will be stronger and individual resolution can be enhanced through NFT, skin, etc. We believe that the meta-cosm is more social, sharing, and economic activities than only AR/VR. 从2D到3D就演进到Web3.0了？当然不是。这只是用户看到的界面升级，更深层次的是如何激励玩家进行创作、分享和交互。简言之，如果Roblox、TikTok没有经济激励，还会有那么多用户在其中进行游戏、短视频的内容创作吗？本质上，沉浸感的构建来自内部分享、创作带来的自我满足感和外部经济激烈的叠加。 From 2D to 3D, it evolved to Web3.0? Of course not. This is just an upgrade of the interface that users see, and more deeply how to motivate players to create, share, and interact. In short, if Roblox and TikTok do not have economic incentives, will so many users be able to create the content of games, short videos? In essence, the immersion is built from internal sharing, the sense of self-satisfaction generated by creation, and the intensity of the external economy. 浏览器还是APP？ Browser or APP? Web2.0时代，各类APP成为应用的主阵地，催生了买量、刷机等生意，用户的大量时间、数据被捆绑在头部APP中。而现存的Web 3.0应用，在PC端主要以web浏览器方式访问。手机端为web浏览器访问，钱包App也可以作为入口，但仍以web方式访问具体应用。 In the Web 2.0 era, various types of APPs became the dominant positions for applications, giving rise to business such as buying, brushing, etc., and users were tied to their heads for a large amount of time and data. The existing Web 3.0 applications, accessed mainly by web browsers at the end of the PC. 不同于Web 2.0时代厂商喜欢开发独立的移动端App和PC客户端，Web 3.0也许将打破这一现象。App和客户端对于用户行为数据收集可能更为方便、也方便核心厂商对生态应用的管理（类似appstore那样的应用商店审核和管理），这一点在注重隐私和开发的Web 3.0时代将改变。也许Web 3.0正如其名字一样，web将作为一切应用的基础。 Unlike Web 2.0, where producers prefer to develop independent mobile App and PC clients, Web 3.0 may break this phenomenon. App and client data collection on user behaviour may be easier and easier for core manufacturers to manage ecological applications (appstore-like application shop audit and management), which will change in the WEB 3.0 age, where privacy and development are emphasized. Maybe Web 3.0, like its name, web will serve as the basis for all applications. 五、Web3.0时代的监管思考 Web3.0带来的监管挑战无疑是巨大的，开放、隐私和共建的背景下，并非意味着Web3.0应用不需要监管。但毫无疑问，由于Web3.0应用业务模式的巨大革新，监管方式势必会产生大的变化以适应新事物的发展业态。 The regulatory challenges posed by 因此，我们认为Web3.0时代，监管将呈现以下发展趋势： Therefore, we believe that in the Web3.0 era of regulation will show the following trends: 1）对于沟通Web3.0和Web2.0两个世界的通道/业务，将首当其冲，寻求适合的监管模式，以适应Web3.0的发展： 1) For communicating the corridors/operations of the Web 3.0 and Web 2.0 worlds, it will take the lead in seeking appropriate regulatory models to accommodate the development of Web3.0: 例如稳定币作为传统世界财富进入Web3.0世界的重要通道，将最先产生监管行为 。我们在《DeFi新金融（二）：超额抵押与资产映射》报告中层指出，长期而言，稳定币与现实经济世界融合是大趋势，稳定币是沟通两个世界财富的重要桥梁。 For example, stabilizing the currency as an important route to the Web3.0 world of traditional world wealth will lead to regulatory action . , in DeFi New Finance (II): Overcollateralization and Asset Mapping, we note that, in the long run, the integration of the stable currency into the real world is a big trend, and the stable currency is an important bridge between two world wealth. 稳定币目前最大问题在于与当下货币政策相冲突。很显然，稳定币在加密货币市场充当了“法币”的作用，某种程度上违反了当下各国的货币政策（同时还存在违反其他金融监管政策，如证券、期货等，甚至包括税收政策的可能）。 The biggest problem with stabilizing the currency is now in conflict with current monetary policy. Clearly, stabilizing the currency acts as a “French currency” in an encrypted currency market, in some way contrary to the monetary policy of current countries (with the possibility of violating other financial regulatory policies, such as securities, futures, and even tax policies). 这也是加密货币资产的共同面临的问题。2020年11月，《中国金融稳定报告（2020）》首次提及稳定币（中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组，2020），2021年7月《中国数字人民币的研发进展白皮书》指出：有的商业机构计划推出全球性稳定币，将给国际货币体系、支付清算体系、货币政策、跨境资本流动管理等带来诸多风险和挑战，并将稳定币纳入虚拟币监管之列。 This is also a common problem for encrypted monetary assets. In November 2020, the People’s Bank of China Financial Stability Report (2020) made the first reference to a stable currency (the Financial Stability Analysis Group of the People’s Bank of China 2020), and the White Paper of July 2021 on the progress of the development and development of the Chinese digital renminbi states that some commercial institutions plan to introduce a global stable currency, which will pose a number of risks and challenges to the international monetary system, the payment settlement system, monetary policy, and the management of cross-border capital flows, among others, and include stable currency in the regulation of virtual currency. 但对全球市场而言，稳定币或将随着加密货币市场快速增长。因此未来一段时间，稳定币与监管的冲突将成为行业发展的大背景。 For global markets, however, currency stability may be expected to grow rapidly with crypto-currency markets. Thus, the conflict between currency stability and regulation will be a broader context for industry development for some time to come. 最终结果，或许是创新与监管的相向而行，推动监管演进和迭代，在欧美等地率先出现加密货币市场与传统金融市场进一步融合，各国央行会将稳定币纳入货币监管体体系，未来的货币政策有可能包含了稳定币的政策。 The end result, perhaps, is a convergence of innovation and regulation, a push for regulatory evolution and succession, a first step towards greater integration of crypto-currency markets with traditional financial markets, such as in Europe and the United States, and the integration of stable currencies into the monetary regulatory system by central banks, with future monetary policies likely to include a stable currency policy. 而这一切的前提是，先明确稳定币的监管定位——禁止使用、接纳为货币或视为新的金融产品，都是潜在的可能选择，这依据各国不同的市场情况来定。 All this is premised on the premise that a clear stabilization of the regulatory positioning of the currency — the prohibition of the use, acceptance as a currency or recognition as a new financial product — is a potential option, depending on the different market conditions of each country. 2） 隐私和匿名方面，有可能存在底层实现KYC，应用层实现适度匿名： 2) The privacy and anonymity aspects of 对于分布式网络带来的隐私和匿名功能，一方面存在隐私和匿名的需求，另一方面，并非隐私和匿名意味着会完全忽视监管。在现实世界中，监管必定存在，Web3.0亦将探索中与监管的融合之道。 There is a need for privacy and anonymity with respect to the privacy and anonymity that distributed networks provide, while not privacy and anonymity mean total neglect of regulation. In the real world, regulation must exist, and Web3.0 will explore ways to integrate regulation. 一种似乎可行的办法是：在区块链网络底层实现监管，意味着底层账户将存在着KYC等监管约束，而在中间协议层和应用层实现适度匿名。当然，监管的手段也是灵活的，用户KYC等信息可以存储在由监管参与的多签网络中。 One approach seems to be feasible: regulation at the bottom of the block chain network means that there will be regulatory constraints such as KYC on the bottom account, and appropriate anonymity at the intermediate protocol and application levels. Of course, regulatory instruments are flexible, and information such as KYC on the user can be stored in multiple-sign networks with regulatory participation. 3）DAO治理过程中，势必会引入监管作为治理一方： 3) In the DAO governance process, regulation will inevitably be introduced as the governance side: DAO是Web3.0世界运行的重要的治理机制，但理想的的DAO方案似乎并不能解决所有问题，往往在需要仲裁、追讨被盗资产等问题发生后，现实社会政府机构和监管机构往往有着非常现实的作用。 DAO is an important governance mechanism operating in the Web3.0 world, but the ideal DAO programme does not seem to solve all the problems and often has a very real role for real social institutions and regulators after issues such as the need for arbitration, the recovery of stolen assets, etc. 例如在DeFi系统经常发生的黑客攻击事件、以及其他难以预料事件导致的损失发生时，完全依靠DAO是不够的。这时候往往要借助现实社会政府和法律等手段解决。例如，当DeFi项目发生风险时，仅仅依靠社区的去中心化治理未必能够敦促开发团队保护或追回用户的加密资产。 For example, it is not enough to rely solely on DAO in the case of frequent hacking in the DeFi system, and other unforeseeable losses. This is often done by means of real social governments and laws. For example, when the DeFi project is at risk, de-centralized governance alone may not urge development teams to protect or recover the user’s encrypted assets. 相反，在危机发生时，真正能够威慑到攻击者的，还是现实社会中的中心化机构和法律威慑。例如，当黑客的部分个人信息暴露以及部分资产被中心化机构所冻结时，黑客才愿意与开发团队谈判并承诺退回被盗的资产。 On the contrary, when a crisis occurs, it is true that it can deter the attackers, or that it is a central institution and a legal deterrent in a real society. For example, when part of hacker’s personal information is exposed and part of its assets frozen by a central institution, hackers are willing to negotiate with development teams and promise to return stolen assets. 例如，2021年8月Poly Network项目被盗事件中，被盗资金中最为安全的部分就是被稳定币发行公司Tether宣布冻结的3300万美元等值的资产——作为中心化公司，Tether拥有冻结链上USDT资产的权限。 For example, in the case of the theft of the PolyNetwork project in August 2021, the safest part of the stolen funds was the $33 million worth of assets that had been declared frozen by the stable currency issuer, Tether, which, as a central company, had the authority to freeze the assets of USDT in the chain. 由此我们可以设想， DAO的治理，势必少不了现实社会监管机构的参与，监管机构作为DAO的治理一方似乎是非常理想的方案。 Thus, we can imagine that the governance of DAO is bound to be accompanied by the participation of real social regulators, who, as the governing side of DAO, appear to be a very desirable option. 风险提示 risk hint 区块链商业模式落地不及预期：Web3.0基于区块链、密码学等技术，相关技术和项目处于发展初期，存在商业模式落地不及预期的风险。 The block chain business model fell short of expectations: Web3.0 was based on block chains, cryptography, etc., and the technology and projects were in the early stages of development, and there was a risk that the business model would fall short of expectations. 监管政策的不确定性：Web3.0实际运行过程中涉及到多项金融、网络及其他监管政策，目前各国监管政策还处于研究和探索阶段，并没有一个成熟的监管模式，所以行业面临监管政策不确定性的风险。返回搜狐，查看更多 Uncertainty in regulatory policy: Web3.0 operationally involves a number of financial, network and other regulatory policies, and national regulatory policies are still at the stage of research and exploration, and there is no mature regulatory model, so industry faces the risk of regulatory policy uncertainty. 责任编辑：
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